Dispositive

Dispositive Dispositive Dispositive By Maeve Maddox This use of the word dispositive in a letter to the editor in my morning paper left me puzzled: Religious dogma and scripture tend to be grab-bags out of which all kinds of often-contradictory points can be made by [whoever] wants to reach in, and who is to say which of them is dispositive? I think I know what the letter-writer meant by dispositive, but I can’t help wondering why he didn’t use a more familiar word when addressing a general audience. Dispositive as an adjective signifies the quality of â€Å"directing, controlling, or disposing of something.† In Scottish law, a â€Å"dispositive clause† is the clause of conveyance in a deed, by which the disposition of the property is expressed. In US law, a â€Å"dispositive motion† is a motion asking a for court order that entirely disposes of one or more claims in favor of the moving party without need for further court proceedings. A dispositive motion does not necessarily seek to dispose of the entire lawsuit. The most common types of dispositive motions are the motion to dismiss and the motion for summary judgment. A dispositive motion may also be used to request that an indictment be dismissed or quashed, or for judgment on pleadings. (uslegal.com) French philosopher Michel Foucault used dispositive (dispositif) as a noun to refer to â€Å"the various institutional, physical, and administrative mechanisms and knowledge structures which enhance and maintain the exercise of power within the social body.† A Google search brings up about 2,210,000 results for â€Å"dispositive.† Here is a sampling of usage: A variety of factors will inform each stage of our inquiry; the factors that we consider today do not constitute an exhaustive list of factors relevant to the mainstreaming issue. Moreover, no single factor is dispositive in all cases. Though the speech at issue concerned the subject matter of his employment, and was expressed within his office rather than publicly, the Court did not consider either fact dispositive, and noted that employees in either context may receive First Amendment protection.   The Chinese middle class, I argue, is a  dispositive  class.   To grasp the true character of this  dispositive  (theoretical fragments focused on the formulation of a  political  problem) and its effects, we must jump a step. Historicizing Security Entering the Conspiracy Dispositive The  Bible, and only the  Bible, is dispositive  for all Christians. If one cannot in a dispositive way show the non-existence of god, what does the atheists’ position mean? Dispositive is a useful and meaningful term in specialized contexts, but it seems to me that some speakers may be using dispositive when all they mean is authoritative or conclusive. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund PhrasesEmail EtiquetteComma After Introductory Phrases

6 Steps to Compose a Professional Masters Research Proposal

6 Steps to Compose a Professional Masters Research Proposal 6 Steps to Compose a Professional Masters Research Proposal If you have completed your undergraduate studies, and you are interested in undertaking further studies to advance your academic career and qualifications, then the next stage of your assessment may include a master’s research proposal. What Is a Master’s Research Proposal? A master’s research proposal aims to demonstrate that you have identified a research subject that is worthy of investigation and study. It is also essential that you demonstrate that the research subject that you are considering is something that is manageable within the timescale that you would have available. The criteria that you need to consider is that your proposed research project would make a significant contribution to the understanding of that subject or the field in which you are studying. In this article, we will walk through some of the key elements that you need to include or consider in your master’s research proposal. Step 1 Title While at this stage of the process, the title that you give your research proposal is provisional only, it is important that you are clear and concise in your title, make sure that the reader can immediately understand the subject that you are proposing to study. Step 2 Introduction In the introduction, you should immediately highlight the questions that are central to the research that you are proposing. You need to be able to articulate the contribution that your research will make to the chosen field of study. Step 3 Background In this ‘background’ section, you are essentially taking the questions that you identified in your introduction and expanding on them, giving more depth and context. Try and set out your research questions in as much detail as possible. Explain to the reader the specific areas that are going to be exploring and why it is important that these areas are explored. Reinforce the contribution that this research will make to your academic discipline. Step 4 Research In this section, you need to set out the research methods that you will be using in this piece of work. Detail the sources that you intend to use, detail the analysis that you will need to complete. Also, make it clear where you are going to access the information that you need. Ensure that you are able to explain how this research is going to help you answer the research questions that you have identified in the introduction. Step 5 Schedule This part of your paper is particularly important for demonstrating that you have considered whether this project is manageable within the time period that you have available. This type of masters research is expected to take three or four years. Map out the work involved and demonstrate how you will be able to deliver your research within the time available. Step 6 Bibliography Any reference points that you have used in this proposal need to be properly documented in the bibliography part. This is the basic academic practice. Use a standard bibliography format that is accepted by your academic institution. A successful Master’s research proposal is an important step when taking your academic studies to the next level. Make sure that you consider all of the different requirements and give yourself the best chance for success.

Online Learning in Early Childhood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Online Learning in Early Childhood - Essay Example Online learning has several advantages. Early childhood professionals prefer online learning because it enables them to take their studies at their own time and their own place . Olsen et al. (2010) explain further that learners are not restricted of time and place, so they can study at free will. This makes them even reduce their cost of learning that are related to travel and time as well. It also gives the childhood professional an opportunity to engage other students, tutors, and scholars in other parts of the world in discussions and idea sharing. Pohio & Lee (2012) confirms that the online learning gives early childhood educators an opportunity to collaborate with others, forming a community and a link with other learners and discussing in forums hence promoting diversity. For online learning to be successful in the early childhood sector, there are certain factors that are very important that needs to be considered. The absence of these factors becomes the barrier to this mode of learning due to challenges involved. Stone-MacDonald & Douglass, (2015) explains that majority of early childhood professionals are not computer literate and, therefore, it deprive them the opportunity to learn especially when it involves sophisticated technology . Stone-MacDonald & Douglass explains further that even though online learning tends to cut some expenses, it is still considered expensive as compared to other learning modes. This is because certain expenses are involved such as purchasing the electronics and the internet fee.

Death of a Salesman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Death of a Salesman - Essay Example ican Dream† of making a safe and secure life for oneself through sheer dint of hard work and the consequent failure of the dream is at the heart of Arthur Miller’s â€Å"Death of a Salesman†. Some of the plays important characters are Willy Loman, the protagonist who is an aging salesman. His wife Linda is a loyal and devoted housewife. They have two sons namely Biff who is elder and Happy who is the younger of the two. Both the brothers are very unlike each other in many ways and we are going to investigate these characters by comparing and contrasting them. Though Linda knows Willy’s faults yet she tries her best to stand by him. Speaking of her husband she says, Hes not the finest character that ever lived. But hes a human being, and a terrible thing is happening to him. (Linda Loman, Act 1) Biff is Willy’s elder son who is a 34 year old reckless and irresponsible person who finds it extremely hard trying to hold on to a job for a reasonable period of time. He is like the typical â€Å"rolling stone gathers no moss† type and this exasperates Willy his father who tries his best to make something of him, but to no avail. Happy who is Biff’s younger brother, is 32 years of age and is the opposite of Biff where jobs are concerned. He has a steady job and works on a steady and regular basis. However, unlike his brother Biff he does not have enough courage to take risks to improve his present status. He prefers to go on in the same way as when he started without making changes to better himself. Willy is quite envious of his successful businessman neighbor Charley who is a constant reminder of all that Willy is not. Moreover, Charley’s son Bernard was a very hardworking, intelligent and very successful person which proved to be Willy’s sore point because his son Biff Loman was no where near to him. In this context Willy once passed snide remarks saying – â€Å"Bernard is liked, but not well liked† showing his envious attitude. (Biff Loman, Act 1) Biff

Time management Essay Example for Free

Time management Essay In this paper we are going to discuss the effects of time management and how it can help you in your daily activities. Time management is very important in many aspects of our lives whether it’s doing schoolwork, getting ready for work, or getting the kids ready for their sporting events. As one can see time management has many different effects on our lives, both as adults and as an adolescent. Therefore, using time management in our daily lives helps us every day and one will see the effects that it has on us even if we don’t know how to manage our time efficiently and effortlessly. Time management can be used in many different ways throughout the day. When managing our time during the day, often people will try to keep you from finishing your duties in a timely manner. However, discussing time management one will see how it will help them in many of their daily activities and the effects that it has. Time Management affects us in many ways throughout our daily lives. Sometimes time management can affect us by people stopping us on the way to work, while we are on a phone call, or even that last minute thing that has to be done before we can leave. We have to manage our time daily, such as when we first wake up for the day, to start getting ready for work or even to get our day started. Managing our time effectively during the day is a soft skill that not many people have and are able to us effectively. It is often said that study has shown that self-management in the setting of adolescents with disabilities showed that there were many variations among these people(DiPipi-Hoy, Caroline; Jitendra, Asha K; Kern, Lee pgs. 145-159). However, time management and self-management affects those with disabilities and it also affects those that don’t have any disabilities. Most of us have problems with time management, whereas with others it comes fairly easy because they have things written down on calendars, daily planners or even have reminders stored in their phones. In today’s society it is hard to manage our time wisely and efficiently because there are many daily activities that are going on throughout the day that affects them from managing their time appropriately. However, those with certain disabilities find it harder to manage their time better than others. In 2004 there was a mandated Individuals with Disabilities Act, which required schools to include transition goals in what is called an Individualized Education Program by the age of 16(DiPipi-Hoy, Caroline; Jitendra, Asha K; Kern, Lee pgs145-159). Time management affects many different people in many different ways daily, because they are not able to break things down so that they can get the things done that they need to do and be able to do them in a timely manner. With today’s society it is harder to manage our time efficiently because throughout the day we have many things that go on. Time Management can help us in many different ways throughout our daily activities. Time manage is a soft skill that we obtain throughout our lifetime, it helps us as individuals mange what and how we do things during the day. Although, while using it one can see that he or she doesn’t have enough time in one day to get everything done at one time. However, to manage our time as individuals, we would need to break up our daily activities into many smaller time frames throughout the day so that we are able to complete them in a timely manner. What one will see is that time management is not only a soft skill it is also a hard skill that they learn over the duration of their lifetime. When one uses this skill, he or she will see that it often harder at times to make time during the day, to do everything they have to do, and that is why scheduling things around certain times of the day are needed and give it will give you a time frame to get it done. I chose this topic of time management to show the effects of time management and how it will help us in our daily lives. I often find myself running low on time during the day, so what I do is I use a schedule book and reminders to remind myself what I have got to get done and give myself a allotted time to get it done and then I will move onto the next thing. I believe that not only myself but everyone else can build a time management schedule that will help them maintain daily activities throughout their day so that they are able to complete them in a timely manner. When using time management one need to have a set schedule of things that they have to do and give themselves enough time throughout the day. While reading the effects of time management, we have seen what one can do to manage their time efficiently and how to complete their daily activities. Time management is a soft skill that is acquired throughout our lifetime and continues to grow as we grow. However, managing our time with everything that we do during the day maybe hard for us to do, it can be done without any hesitation at all. Time management means to me that one has the ability to manage their time through many things in their lives whether they have a disability or not. In conclusion, time management is stated as follows: the analysis of how working hours are spent and the prioritization of tasks in order to maximize personal efficiency in the http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/time+management? s=t) References DiPipi-Hoy, C. , Jitendra, A. K. , Kern, L. (2009). Effects of time management instruction on adolescents ability to self-manage time in a vocational setting. The Journal of Special Education, 43(3), 145-159. doi:http://dx. doi. org/10. 1177/0022466908317791 http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/time+management? s=t.

For Whom The Bell Tolls :: essays research papers

The Disillusionment of Hemingway with War Hemingway uses certain repetitive themes and ideas in his book, For Whom the Bell Tolls, which relate to the grander dogma that he is trying to teach. By using these reoccurring ideas, he is able to make clear his views on certain issues and make the reader understand his thoughts. The most notable of this reoccurring theme is that of war. Hemingway uses the war concept as paradoxical irony in this book, to tell the reader what the thinks about war. It is even more interesting to note that rather than this theme being derived from this war theme, the book is derived from this main theme.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hemingway emphasized the fallacy of war by discussing how there are no real winners in war, that war is equal. What goes around comes around. That whereas one man may kill another, another man will come to kill the first man and so on, in a never-ending cycle of stupidity and futility. The setting of this book can be analyzed here; the Spanish Civil War in the 1920-30 time period is the setting for the book, on the battlefields in the Spanish countryside. The whole fascist/communist aspect is brought up since both sides are against one another. Here again, Hemingway doesn’t idealize either side, not referring to their political beliefs but to the fact that each side is very much the same. Both sides consist of sad, depressed fools who have been shipped off to war, content to live in peace and harmony with each other. It is here that Hemingway’s first satirical punch at war comes in, when he makes it clear that both sides are human, with no clear line separating the saints from the sinners.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another thing that is connected to the war concept is that both sides are hopelessly disillusioned. A victory for any army is not truly a victory if it involves the loss of human life, and Hemingway seems to imply this as he pokes fun at the ongoings of the war. Atrocities are committed by otherwise compassionate, peaceful people since they are forced to do so by their respective sides. The author also satirizes the â€Å"illusion† that people have of war being glorious, heroic, etc., saying that even a victory is a defeat since so many lie dead in an effort to get that victory. He says that war is not all that, that war is in fact legalized murder, that has no place in human life.

Distinctively Visual Essay

Composers create distinctively visual images to draw aspects that they are presenting in their texts. This helps the reader to understand and visualise the characters responses to significant aspects of life. The Author Henry Lawson uses these distinctive images in his short stories ‘The Drovers Wife’ and ‘The Loaded Dog’ to help portray the harsh realities of living in the Australian bush. These realities create significant experiences for the individuals in his stories as they are faced with hardships, mateship and love. Similarly, John Misto’s play ’The Shoe-Horn Sonta’ and Ramon Tongs ‘African Beggar’ use distinctively visual language to let the responder engage with the characters and their world. ‘The Loaded Dog’ explores the significant experience of mateship through the characters; Dave Regan, Jim Bently, Andy Page and their young retriever Tommy who is described with great visual imagery as an ‘overgrown pup, a big, foolish, four-footed mate, who was always slobbering round them and lashing their legs with his heavy tail that swung round like a stock-whip’. The story starts off slow introducing the gold mines that the story takes place in, using elaborate instructions to explain the process of mining and cartridge construction through verbs including ‘sewed’, ‘bound’ and ‘pasted’ which gives the reader a distinctively visual image of how life was for the gold miners. The author uses Australian jargon and vernacular language such as ’Don’t foller us!’ and ’no mucking around’ throughout the story to give the reader a more visual image of how the men of the area communicate. The story’s pace exponentially increases along with it’s humour as the storyline develops and as each complication arises. Dialogue and punctuation, such as ‘dashes’, carry us along with the action painting a picture in the readers mind of the events taking place. Dave who is seen as the ‘ideas man’ decides to create a cartridge to blow the local fish out of the water to eat and while he is at away at working on the cartridge, Tommy grabs the cartridge in his play, setting it alight in the fire, which establishes the main issue in the story. Lawson uses a humorous tone throughout this scene to give the reader a more visual image of what is being played out ‘close behind him, was the retriever with the cartridge in his mouth – wedged into his broadest and silliest grin’. Another short story composed by Lawson similar to ’The Loaded Dog’ entitled ‘The Drovers Wife’ creates powerful images through the use of distinctively visual language that enables the reader to feel the hardships of the characters. Lawson begins the story with the distinctively visual image of the harsh landscape ‘The bush consists of stunted, rotting native apple trees. No undergrowth, Nothing to relieve the eye save the darker green of a few she oaks which are sighing above the narrow waterless creek’. This descriptive language allows the responder to visualise the harsh outback scenery. The drovers wife is seen as a protective mother and a hardened battler against the disasters of the Australian bush. The use of alliteration ‘no undergrowth, nothing to relieve the eye†¦ nineteen miles to the nearest civilisation’ accentuates how isolated the Wife is from society. Lawson uses powerful verbs when creating a distinctively visual image in the responders mind in ‘The Drover’s Wife’. When the drover’s wife goes to hit the snake, ‘snatches’ is used to create images of immediacy and courage within the responder’s mind, whilst ‘darts’ is used to create an image of threat, the woman has no hesitation in hitting the snake and she darts to protect her children. Similar to John Lawson’s stories, John Misto’s Australian play ‘The Shoe-Horn Sonta’ uses an array of distinctively visual techniques to highlight the significant aspects of the story. Through dramatic film and editing techniques, and powerful dialogue, Misto explores the story of hundreds and thousands of women imprisoned by the Japanese in South-East Asia. The composer uses juxtaposition as the dialogue consists of both private and public conversations to create an image in the responders mind of the powerful links between the public and private voices between the two main characters, Sheila and Bridie. The opening scene shows Bridie re-enacting the kowtow, a tribute to the emperor of Japan ‘Bridie stands in a spotlight. She bows stiffly from the waist, and remains in this position.’ These stage directions allow the reader to visualise how Misto wants it to be performed, letting the reader share their experiences, and feel engaged with Bridie . Ramon Tong’s ‘African Beggar’ utilises distinctively visual language techniques to create and perceive a relationship with the persona and his  world and therefore understand the challenges he faces. The metaphor ‘a heap of verminous rags and matted hair’ is used to establish an image of a ‘thing’ rather than a human as ‘verminous’ is usually associated with flies and ‘matted hair’ creates images of an unhygienic lifestyles in the responders mind. The tone of the story suddenly changes in the third stanza and enables the reader to re-establish the relationship and perception that was previously created with the beggar. ‘lost in the trackless jungle of his pain’ is an example of symbolism used the show that the beggar feels pain in his whole body. This stanza creates an image of someone struggling for life and gives reason for the reader to feel sympathetic towards the beggar, this is highlighted in the line ‘lying all alone’. In conclusion, these texts all use powerful distinctively visual techniques to the let the reader understand and visualise the personas and their worlds, and the hardships that they face.

Brand History Ysl

Brand History Founded by: Yves Saint Laurent and his partner Pierre Berge Chief Designer: 1. Yves Saint Laurent 1962-2002 The Day of Birth: August 1, 1936 The Day of death: June 1, 2008 Reputation: He is considered by many of the world's best- dressed people to be the inventor of modern fashion. Besides that, he is seen as the last of a generation of clothes designers that made the Rive Gauche (French for â€Å"Left Bank† of the Seine River in Paris) home to the most talented fashion designers in the world. These designers include Christian Dior, Coco Chanel, and Hubert de Givenchy — all people who helped make Paris the international capital of fashion. CAREER: 1. Saint Laurent got his big break when he was only 17 years old. The shy young designer began to work for fashion legend, Christian Dior. 2. By the time he was 21 years old, Saint Laurent was in charge of Dior's empire. He immediately started to develop a unique style that combined Dior's elegance and tradition with a more wearable, realistic style. . Saint Laurent struck out on his own in 1961, opening his own fashion house where he created haute couture for socialites and celebrities. MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS: 1. Saint Laurent's trendsetting clothes not only changed the look of high fashion but also the life of the average woman. 2. Aside from his haute couture clothing, he offered another clothing line for women available in department stores. The designs from this line often turned heads and changed the lives of the women wh o wore them. 3. In the 1960s and 1970s, when women were joining the workforce in millions for the first time, Saint Laurent designed more gender-neutral looks based on pants and jackets. No longer did women feel like they needed to wear only skirts and blouses. The change met with resistance, but women those who wearing Yves Saint Laurent’s pantsuits would simply take off their pants to dictate what they were allowed to wear on more than one occasion. 4. Another clothing item of his that became popular was a jacket called â€Å"le smoking,† which is a square-shouldered tuxedo for women. When the jacket first appeared in his 1966 fall-winter collection, it immediately became a groundbreaking landmark in fashion history because it blurred the lines between traditional male and female style. 5. Saint Laurent also changed fashion by using other types of pop culture in his clothes. For example, he created the Mondrian dress in 1965. These colorful dresses were patterned with the Dutch artist Piet Mondrian's abstract and geometric designs. 6. Saint Laurent also aided the women's liberation movement by challenging other socially accepted norms. . In 1971, Saint Laurent posed nude for his own perfume ads. This was shocking to many people. He did it to raise this question: Why is it more socially acceptable when a woman poses nude for an advertisement than when a man does? 8. He is credited with having introduced the tuxedo suit for women. 9. He became the first designer to use ethnic models in his runway shows, and referenced other non-European cultures in his work. 2. Albe r Elbaz 1998-1999 3. Tom Ford 1999-2004 4. Stefano Pilati 2004- Logo Designed by: A. M. Cassandre Brand Main History: During the 1960s and 1970s, the firm popularized fashion trends such as the beatnik look, safari jackets for men and women, tight pants and tall, thigh-high boots, including the creation of arguably the most famous classic tuxedo suit for women in 1966, Le Smoking suit. Some of his most memorable collections include the Pop Art, Ballet Russes, Picasso and Chinese ones. He also started mainstreaming the idea of wearing silhouettes from the 1920s, '30s and '40s. He was the first, in 1966, to popularize ready-to-wear in an attempt to democratize fashion, with Rive Gauche a |name. He was also the first designer to use black models in his catwalk shows. Among St. Laurent's muses were Loulou de La Falaise, the daughter of a French marquis and an Anglo-Irish fashion model, Betty Catroux, the half-Brazilian daughter of an American diplomat and wife of a French decorator, Talitha Pol-Getty, who died of drug overdose in 1971, and Catherine Deneuve, the iconic French actress. Ambassador to the couturier during the late 1970s and early 80s was London socialite millionairess Diane Boulting-Casserley Vandelli, making the brand ever more popular amongst the -European jet-set and upper classes. In 1993, the Saint-Laurent fashion house was sold to the pharmaceuticals company Sanofi for approximately $600,000,000. In the 1998-1999 seasons, Alber Elbaz, currently of Lanvin, designed 3 ready-to-wear collections. Pierre Berge appointed Hedi Slimane as Collections and art Director in 1997, and they relaunched YSL Rive Gauche Homme. Hedi Slimane decided to leave the house 2 years later. In 1999, Gucci bought the YSL brand and asked Tom Ford to design the ready-to-wear collection while Saint-Laurent would design the haute couture collection. In 2002, dogged by years of poor health, drug abuse, depression, alcoholism, criticisms of YSL designs, Saint-Laurent closed the illustrious couture house of YSL. While the house no longer exists, the brand still survives through its parent company Gucci Group. The pret-a-porter line is still being produced under the direction of Stefano Pilati after Tom Ford left in 2004. His style is decidedly more French than the overtly sexy image that Tom Ford perpetuated. Brand Communication For advertising his companions, the Yves Saint Laurent uses familiar faces from the general public. In the beginning, Scroll Elela great names in fashion as Katoucha Niane, Betty Catroux, Loulou de la Falaise, Talitha Pol-actress Getty or Catherine Deneuve. Then, Kate Moss, Claudia Schiffer. The former supermodel Naomi Campbell is used for the campaign of the Autumn-Winter 09 collection. For the men's fragrance â€Å"Night of the Man† is Vincent Cassel who embodies the new face of the brand. The house YSL applies to make his shows an event for which the jetset people jostling to sit in the front ranks. The venues are just as prestigious as the models occupying the podium. The women's collection Autumn-Winter 07-08 and was held at the Centre Pompidou in Paris on 1 March 2007, while the men's collection for the same season was held in the workshops Berthier. Campaign Spring-Summer 2008 women has, in turn, held on the premises of the Foundation Yves Saint Laurent-Pierre Berge. The Creative Director Stefano Pilati is then, photographers Ines Van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin and the model is none other than Kate Moss. The Fall-Winter 2009-2010 collection create the event: it is first opened on the website of the brand, before being presented on the catwalk. Since 2007, Stefano Pilati created the event each year to the streets with his â€Å"Manifesto†: a photo catalog of luxury brand Distibution to passersby on the street. In 2008 he was with the image of supermodel Naomi Campbell, photographed by the duo Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin-distributed simultaneously in Paris, New York, London, Milan, Tokyo and Hong Kong. A cotton bag flanked YSL logo was also provided for the occasion. In 2009 he was with the image of Claudia Schiffer and accompanied by a bag with the initials of the brand, designed by Stefano Pilati himself, and a small USB key.

Fish Gills Essays - Respiratory System, Zoology, Fish Anatomy

Fish Gills Essays - Respiratory System, Zoology, Fish Anatomy Fish Gills Not all animals have lungs. Many animals live in environments where lungs would be efficient enough for survival. Gills are another type of respiratory system, which are very efficient at removing oxygen from water: there is only 1/20 the amount of oxygen present in water as in the same volume of air. Gills greatly increase the surface area for gas exchange and they occur in a variety of animal groups including arthropods (including some terrestrial crustaceans), annelids, fish, and amphibians. Gills are typically comprised of a gill arch, which contain veins and arteries that supply blood flow to the attached gill filaments. The arches are a rigid stucture which provide support and protection for the attached lamellae. There are usually two types of filaments, which are attached, primary and secondary. Primary lamellae (or gill filaments) extend perpendicular from the gill arch. The filaments are located close together arranged in rows extending from both sides of the gill arches. With usually 4 gill arches side by side per side of the fish (Graham, 1997) the filaments form a sieve through which the ventilatory water must pass. (Evans, 1998) Each primary lamellae house an efferent and afferent blood vessel, which supplies the secondary lamellae. Secondary lamellae extend vertically from the primary lamellae (or filaments) and are placed closely together forming small channels for water to flow through. Each secondary lamella is made up of two sheets of epithelial cells with pillar cells that hold them apart. These pillar cells form small tunnels within each secondary lamellae that act as channels for blood to perfuse through. Pillar cells are used to help regulate gas exchange across the secondary lamellae surfaces. The pillar cells have the ability to expand or contract, increasing or decreasing the size of the blood flow tunnels. This allows more or less blood to perfuse through the tunnels, it also increases or decreases the channel size between two secondary lamella allowing more or less water to perfuse through them. In water with high oxygen content the pillar cells will expand allowing more blood to rush through the lamellae to pick up oxygen while at the same time slowing the amount of high oxygenated water that flow s through the channels in order to prevent the fish from getting too much oxygen. In waters of low oxygen content the pillar cells will contract widening the water flow channels to allow more water to perfuse through, while at the same time allowing less blood to move through the lamellae, for it can only pick up as much oxygen that is present in the water. Water flows through these lamellae channels in one direction while blood flows in the opposite direction through the epithelial cells. This creates a countercurrent flow that maximizes oxygen transfer. The total number of lamellae constitutes the total surface area of the gills available for gas transfer. The number of lamellae per animal is correlated with their size and activity, the larger and more active the animal the more lamellae it will have. (Evans 1998) Gills provide a one-way flow for oxygen to perfuse over them. This one way flow increases their efficiency since there is not much mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated water directly over the gills and there is no dead air space such as the trachea in which oxygenated and deoxygenated water can get mixed. Bibliography Thr physiology of fishes. David Evans 1998

How to Find the Sagittarius Constellation

How to Find the Sagittarius Constellation The skies of July and August provide an excellent view of the constellation Sagittarius. Easy to spot and filled with fascinating deep-sky objects, Sagittarius is an ideal subject of study for stargazers and astronomers alike. The constellation Sagittarius is often referred to as a teapot because of its appearance: the main boxy shape is the body of the teapot, from which a handle and a spout extend outward. Some observers add that the Milky Way appears to be rising up out of the spout like steam. Finding the Sagittarius Constellation In the northern hemisphere, Sagittarius reaches its highest point in the southern part of the sky during July and August and into early September. Sagittarius is also visible high in the northern part of the sky for regions south of the equator. Sagittarus has such a distinctive shape that its not too hard to spot in the sky. Simply look for the teapot shape next to the curved body of Scorpius the Scorpion.  Not only are these constellations filled with fascinating celestial bodies to observe, they are also on either side of the core of our galaxy, where the black hole Sgr A* lives. A chart of the sky containing Scorpius and Sagittarius. Ross 154 is a faint star in Sagittarius. Carolyn Collins Petersen All About Scorpius Sagittarius is best-known as the figure of a cosmic archer, although the Greeks saw it as a starry representation of a mythical creature called a centaur. Alternatively, some mythology identifies Sagittarius as the son of Pan, the god who created archery. His name was Crotus, and he was put into the sky by the god Zeus so that everyone could see how archery worked. (However, most viewers dont see an archer when they look at Sagittarius- the teapot shape is far easier to identify.) The Stars of the Scorpius Constellation The entire constellation of Sagittarius shown with IAU boundaries and the brightest stars that make up the pattern.   IAU/Sky Telescope The brightest star in the constellation Sagittarius is called Kaus Australis (or Epsilon Sagittarii). The second-brightest is Sigma Sagittarii, with a common name of Nunki. Sigma (Nunki) was one of the stars that the Voyager 2 spacecraft used for navigation as it was traveling to the outer solar system to study the gas giant planets.   There are eight bright stars that make up the teapot shape of the main constellation. The rest of the constellation as outlined by the IAU boundaries has a couple of dozen more stars.   Sagittarius constellation is outlined by eight bright stars, and scattered among them are globular clusters (yellow circles), open clusters (yellow broken line circles), and nebulae (squares). Its best to search this area with a good pair of binoculars just to get an idea of the many fascinating objects in the Sagittarius region.   Carolyn Collins Petersen Selected Deep Sky Objects in Constellation Sagittarius Sagittarius is right on the plane of the Milky Way and its teapot spout points almost directly to the center of our galaxy. Because the galaxy is so well-populated in this part of the sky, observers can spot many star clusters, including a number of globular clusters and open star clusters. Globulars are spherical-shaped collections of stars, many much older than the galaxy itself. Open star clusters are not as tightly gravitationally bound as the globulars. Sagittarius also contains some lovely nebulae: clouds of gas and dust lit up by radiation from nearby stars. The most prominent objects to search out in this area of the sky are the Lagoon Nebula, the Trifid Nebula, and the globular clusters M22 and M55.   Nebulae in Sagittarius Because we look at the galaxy from inside, its very common to see clouds of gas and dust in the plane of the Milky Way. This is especially true in Sagittarius. The Lagoon and Trifid Nebulae are the easit to spot, although they can generally only be seen well with binoculars or a small telescope. Both of these nebulae contain regions where star formation is actively taking place. Astronomers see both newborn stars as well as protostellar objects in these regions, which helps them track the process of starbirth. The Trifid is also known as Messier 20 and has been studied by many ground-based observatories as well as Hubble Space Telescope. It will look somewhat dim but should be easy to spot in a small telescope. Its name comes from the fact that it looks like a little pool next to the brighter regions of the Milky Way. The Trifid looks like it has three lobes connected together. They lie just over four thousand light-years away from us.   The Trifid Nebula in full glorious color provided by the European Southern Observatory. Smaller telescopes will not show these colors, but a long-exposure photograph will.   European Southern Observatory Globular Clusters in Sagittarius Globular clusters are satellites of the Milky Way Galaxy. They often contain hundreds, thousands, or sometimes millions of stars, all tightly bound together by gravity. M22 (which is the 22nd objects in Charles Messiers list of Faint fuzzy objects that he compiled in the 18th century), was first discovered in 1665 and contains about 300,000 stars all packed together in a region of space about 50 light-years across.   This view of the globular cluster M22 in Sagittarius was taken using an amateur telescope.   Hunter Wilson, via Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 Another interesting globular cluster is also in Sagittarius. Its called M55, and was discovered in 1752. It contains just under 300,000 stars all gathered into an area bout 48 light-years across. It lies nearly 18,000 light-years away from us. Search out Sagittarius for other clusters and nebulae, especially using a pair of binoculars or a small telescope.

Summary of the article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Summary of the article - Essay Example According to Adam Smith, as the article explains, it was the obligation of a nation to protect species outflow (LaHaye, 1986). In this perspective, national policies were geared toward the protection of the acquired wealth by encouraging the importation of species and discouraging export. The economic reason for mercantilism was to acquire much power by large competitive nation states such as Europe (LaHaye, 1986). The article points out that, these nations did not have species, but acquired them from colonies through colonization of countries endowed with this species and through international trade. In the mercantilism period, the hustle for economic power resulted in military conflict amid nation states. Laura appreciates that countries minted their currencies in order to finance their military to command a considerable territorial expansion. National policies in mercantilism period defined the relationship between government and mercantile classes. The article outline that mercantile classes (merchants and producers) provided levies and taxes that were used to finance the armies of the nation states and the government was responsible for formulating policies that protect mercantile from undue foreign competition (LaHaye, 1986). Governments of nation-states developed public policies that took different forms. In the home country, the article posits that governments promoted local monopoly over colonial markets, finance new industries, and offer tax exemption and tax holiday to the upcoming industries. The trade policy was coined in order to assist infant domestic industries by imposition of quotas, tariffs and prohibiting the importation of goods that compete with local brands (LaHaye, 1986). Marine transport was an imperative mean of transport for shipping gold and silver from colonies to colonizing countries. For instance, the article identifies that the shipment of gold was conducted to facilitate

Shoeless Joe by J.D. Salinger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Shoeless Joe by J.D. Salinger - Essay Example Salinger’s interest for games and sports is overwhelming. In the novel, baseball can critically be accounted for in relation to the role played by Salinger (Kinsella 72). The game accounts for the American history, and subsequent evolvement of the game in the American context. This scenario in the case of Salinger is intriguing, in relation to his involvement in the pursuits of the game. He shows special interest in sporting, becoming a primary fan of the game. Salinger’s support for athletes captures the interest of the reader in regard to the highlights made by the novel. Salinger’s social interaction with other people and the society at large is not an outstanding undertaking. The novel outlines his interest for individual autonomy, enjoying individual domain away from public interference (Kinsella 143). The combination of this aspect with his passion and interests leaves so much to be desired, due to the lack of connection that socialization and game pursuits pose. However, Salinger manages his personality and character, as well as his day to day undertakings, to present a wholesome person is less likely to be influenced by parties that he least worries about. Life is highly characterized by dreams, at least as Salinger seems to be believe (Kinsella 168). Dreams constitute the primary activities that Salinger gets engaged in. In other words, his thoughts are highly held and treasured in his life, with or without critical analysis of the inner meaning of the thoughts or even the underlying dreams for that matter. Amid this dream concept and pursuit in Salinger’s life the concept of aging at a personal level is introduced. Aging comes with the lesson that individual efforts can beat advancing age to revitalize personal efforts through persistently enhancing personal creativity. Another interesting item about Salinger is how magic and related acts are captured through the author. He believes in the occurrence of supernatural happeni ngs or the existence of extraordinary forces that act on an individual from time to time. Salinger does not consider his life to be perfect one in an American context, but it is rather better compared to many other places beyond America. The extraordinary forces that Salinger believes in depict scenarios of at time happenings that befall an individual in the pursuit of their daily interests. Magic is part and parcel of Salinger’s life, meaning that he believes in supernatural occurrences, and does not mind experiencing them from time to time. This realization as provided for by the novel is a critical learned aspect of Salinger. The general life of Salinger is rather a complicated one. Starting from his character in the novel to the real life scenario that the novel poses, Salinger has a sophisticated personality. While this aspect is not hard to come by in many individuals around the world, its representation in the novel and the actual life that Salinger leads makes it an i nteresting aspect in relation to what one can learn about Salinger from the novel. He makes moves when least expected to do so. On the same note, when there is an intention to please him, the outcome depicts the opposite. The predictability of an individual following critical analysis of his or her personality aids a crucial determination of how to handle the person in question.