Einsteins Theory of Relativity

Einsteins Theory of Relativity Einsteins hypothesis of relativity is a popular hypothesis, yet its little comprehended. The hypothesis of relativity alludes to two unique components of a similar hypothesis: general relativity and exceptional relativity. The hypothesis of exceptional relativity was acquainted firstâ and was later considered with be an extraordinary instance of the more exhaustive hypothesis of general relativity. General relativity is aâ theory of gravitationâ that  Albert Einstein created byâ between 1907 and 1915, with commitments from numerous others after 1915. Hypothesis of Relativity Concepts Einsteins hypothesis of relativity incorporates the interworking of a few distinct ideas, which include: Einsteins Theory of Special Relativity - restricted conduct of items in inertial edges of reference, by and large just important at speeds close to the speed of lightLorentz Transformations - the change conditions used to ascertain the facilitate changes under uncommon relativityEinsteins Theory of General Relativity - the more far reaching hypothesis, which regards gravity as a geometric wonder of a bended spacetime arrange framework, which additionally incorporates noninertial (for example quickening) edges of referenceFundamental Principles of Relativity What Is Relativity? Traditional relativity (characterized at first by Galileo Galilei and refined by Sir Isaac Newton) includes a straightforward change between a moving item and a spectator in another inertial casing of reference. In the event that you are strolling in a moving train, and somebody fixed on the ground is watching, your speed comparative with the eyewitness will be the aggregate of your speed comparative with the train and the trains speed comparative with the spectator. Youre in one inertial casing of reference, the train itself (and anybody sitting still on it) are in another, and the onlooker is in still another. The issue with this is light was accepted, in most of the 1800s, to engender as a wave through an all inclusive substance known as the ether, which would have considered a different edge of reference (like the train in the above model). The renowned Michelson-Morley try, in any case, had neglected to recognize Earths movement comparative with the ether and nobody could clarify why. Something wasn't right with the old style translation of relativity as it applied to light ... thus the field was ready for another translation when Einstein tagged along. Introduction to Special Relativity In 1905, Albert Einsteinâ published (in addition to other things) a paper called On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodiesâ in the journal Annalen der Physik. The paper introduced the hypothesis ofâ special relativity, basedâ onâ two hypothesizes: Einsteins PostulatesPrinciple of Relativity (First Postulate):â The laws of material science are the equivalent for all inertial reference frames.Principle of Constancy of the Speed of Light (Second Postulate): Light consistently spreads through a vacuum (for example void space or free space) at a definiteâ velocity, c, which is autonomous of the condition of movement of the emanating body. All things considered, the paper presents a progressively formal, numerical definition of the proposes. The expressing of the postulatesâ areâ slightly not the same as reading material toâ textbookâ because of interpretation issues, from scientific German to conceivable English. The subsequent hypothesize is frequently erroneously written to remember that the speed of light for a vacuum isâ câ in all casings of reference. This is really an inferred consequence of the two proposes, instead of part of the second hypothesize itself. The main hypothesize is practically presence of mind. The subsequent hypothesize, nonetheless, was the insurgency. Einstein had just presented theâ photon hypothesis of lightâ in his paper on theâ photoelectric effectâ (which rendered the etherâ unnecessary). The subsequent propose, accordingly, was an outcome of massless photons moving at the velocityâ câ in a vacuum. The ether not, at this point had an exceptional job as a flat out inertial edge of reference, so it was superfluous as well as subjectively futile under uncommon relativity. Concerning the paper itself, the objective was to accommodate Maxwells conditions for power and attraction with the movement of electrons close to the speed of light. The aftereffect of Einsteins paper was to present new arrange changes, called Lorentz changes, between inertial casings of reference. At moderate speeds, these changes were basically indistinguishable from the old style model, however at high speeds, close to the speed of light, they delivered fundamentally various outcomes. Impacts of Special Relativity Unique relativity yields a few results from applying Lorentz changes at high speeds (close to the speed of light). Among them are: Time widening (counting the well known twin paradox)Length contractionVelocity transformationRelativistic speed additionRelativistic doppler effectSimultaneity clock synchronizationRelativistic momentumRelativistic dynamic energyRelativistic massRelativistic absolute vitality What's more, straightforward arithmetical controls of the above ideas yield two huge outcomes that merit singular notice. Mass-Energy Relationship Einstein had the option to show that mass and vitality were connected, through the acclaimed formula Emc2. This relationship was demonstrated most drastically to the world when atomic bombs discharged the vitality of mass in Hiroshima and Nagasaki toward the finish of World War II. Speed of Light No item with mass can quicken to exactly the speed of light. A massless article, similar to a photon, can move at the speed of light. (A photon doesnt really quicken, however, since itâ alwaysâ moves precisely atâ the speed of light.) Be that as it may, for a physical item, the speed of light is a breaking point. Theâ kinetic energyâ at the speed of light goes to unendingness, so it can never be reached by quickening. Some have brought up that an item could in principle move at more noteworthy than the speed of light, inasmuch as it didn't quicken to arrive at that speed. So far no physical substances have ever shown that property, in any case. Embracing Special Relativity In 1908, Max Planckâ applied the term hypothesis of relativity to portray these ideas, in view of the key job relativity played in them. At that point, obviously, the term applied uniquely to uncommon relativity, on the grounds that there was not yet any broad relativity. Einsteins relativity was not promptly held onto by physicists as aâ wholeâ because it appeared to be so hypothetical and unreasonable. At the point when he got his 1921 Nobel Prize, it was explicitly for his answer for theâ photoelectric effectâ and for his commitments to Theoretical Physics. Relativity was still too disputable to even consider being explicitly referenced. After some time, be that as it may, the expectations of unique relativity have been demonstrated to be valid. For instance, timekeepers flown far and wide have been appeared to back off by the length anticipated by the hypothesis. Starting points of Lorentz Transformations Albert Einsteinâ didnt make the arrange changes required for uncommon relativity. He didnt haveâ to in light of the fact that the Lorentz changes that he required previously existed. Einstein was an ace at taking past work and adjusting it to new circumstances, and he did as such with the Lorentz changes similarly as he had utilized Plancks 1900 answer for theâ ultraviolet catastropheâ inâ black body radiationâ to make his answer for theâ photoelectric impact, and subsequently create theâ photon hypothesis of light. The changes were in reality originally distributed by Joseph Larmor in 1897. A somewhat unique form had been distributed 10 years sooner by Woldemar Voigt, yet his adaptation had a square in the time widening condition. In any case, the two renditions of the condition were demonstrated to be invariant under Maxwells condition. The mathematician and physicist Hendrik Antoon Lorentz proposed the possibility of a nearby an ideal opportunity to clarify relative synchronization in 1895, however, and started working freely on comparative changes to clarify the invalid resultâ inâ the Michelson-Morley explore. He distributed his organize changes in 1899, evidently still ignorant of Larmors distribution, and included time enlargement in 1904. In 1905, Henri Poincare adjusted the logarithmic definitions and credited them to Lorentz with the name Lorentz changes, in this manner changing Larmors chance at eternality in such manner. Poincares detailing of the change was, basically, indistinguishable from that which Einstein would utilize. The changes apply to a four-dimensional arrange framework, with three spatial directions (x,â y,  z) andâ one-timeâ coordinate (t). The new organizes are indicated with a punctuation, articulated prime, such thatâ x is pronouncedâ x-prime. In the model beneath, the speed is in theâ xx bearing, with velocityâ u: x ( xâ - utâ )/sqrt ( 1 -  u2â / c2â )y  yz  zt {â tâ -( uâ / c2â )â xâ }/sqrt ( 1 -  u2â / c2â ) The changes are given principally to exhibition purposes. Explicit utilizations of them will be managed independently. The term 1/sqrt (1 -  u2/c2) so oftentimes shows up in relativity that it is meant with the Greek symbolâ gammaâ in a few portrayals. It ought to be noticed that in the cases whenâ uâ â c, the denominator crumples to basically the sqrt(1), which is simply 1. Gamma just gets 1 in these cases. Similarly,â theâ u/c2â term additionally turns out to be exceptionally little. In this manner, both enlargement of existence are non-existent to any huge level at speeds much more slow than the speed of light in a vacuum. Outcomes of the Transformations

Greek Women in The Odyssey :: Homer

The ladies in The Odyssey are a reasonable portrayal of ladies in old Greek culture. In his work, Homer delivers ladies of various eminence. First there are the goddesses, at that point Penelope, and in conclusion the worker young ladies. Every one of the three groups shapes a significant piece of The Odyssey and causes us investigate what ladies resembled in antiquated Greece. The job that the housemaids play in The Odyssey is that of subjugation. They are relied upon to serve the admirers and set up with their impolite disposition. Over the span of the ten years that the admirers are there, a considerable lot of the housemaids lay down with them. After coming back to Ithica, and butchering the admirers, Odysseus makes the housemaids who laid down with the admirers tidy up their dead bodies. After this he balances them by the neck, with this signal he by implication calls them â€Å"harlots†. This shows one of numerous emotions toward ladies of that time. At that point there is Odysseus’ spouse, Penelope. She is portrayed as a person. Homer causes her character to show up as sharp and furthermore faithful. Not even once during Odysseus twenty years of nonattendance does she remarry. She endures the admirers in her home for a long time however never picks, consistently with the expectation that her first spouse, Odysseus, will return. Homer likewise causes her to appear to be sharp when she gets the entirety of the admirers to bring her endowments before she â€Å"chooses one† realizing that they are in a short flexibly of assets. In another occurrence he depicts her as smart in the manner that she fends the admirer off by weaving the tunic for Odysseus and furtively dismantling it consistently. The job Penelope plays is significant in light of the fact that she is viewed as an individual, not a belonging. At last, there are the goddesses. They speak to ladies in the entirety of their greatness. They are human-like in that they feel similar feelings like envy, outrage, pride, vengeance, energy, euphoria, sympathy, and so on. The exemption being that they have otherworldly powers. Homer even makes then human-like to the degree that they begin to look all starry eyed at humans, for example Calypso.

Must-Read August New Releases

Must-Read August New Releases Keep track of all your most anticipated new releases with the New Release Index, available through Book Riot Insiders! Never fear, our contributors are here to topple your August To-Be-Read stacks with their new release recommendations! Whether we’ve read them and can’t wait to see them on the shelves, or we’ve heard tell of their excellence in the book world and have been (not-so) patiently waiting to get our hot little hands on them, these are the new titles we’re watching our libraries and bookstores for this month. What books are you looking forward to in August? Let us know in the comments below! Tasha Brandstatter The Dire King by William Ritter (August 22, Algonquin): The final installment in Ritter’s Jackaby series, which can best be described as Sherlock Holmes meets Doctor Who. It has everything: mystery, ghosts, an evil cabal organization plotting against Jackaby. I gobbled up the previous three books in the series a few months ago and I can’t wait to see how it all shakes out! Derek Attig The People Are Going to Rise Like the Waters Upon Your Shore: A Story of American Rage by Jared Yates Sexton (August 15, Counterpoint): First of all, this is the best book title of 2017, hands down. Second, and more importantly, this is the book to read if you want to understand what the hell happened in the United States in 2016. If you follow Sexton on Twitter (and you should), you know he brings a sharp eye, fierce intellect, and resilient capacity for surprise to the problem of American political life. And that’s just 140 characters at a time. Just imagine what he can do with 300+ pages. Chelsea Hensley Wonder Woman: Warbringer by Leigh Bardugo (August 29, Random House Books for Young Readers): Im mildly annoyed that Leigh Bardugo’s take on Wonder Woman, the first in the DC Icons series, didnt hit shelves when the movie arrived, but whatever. Im 1000% certain Bardugo wont let me down as Diana teams up with a teen girl named Alia who, like Helen of Troy before her, is a Warbringer destined to bring about, you know, war. Jessica Woodbury The Hole by Hye-Young Pyun (August 1, Arcade Publishing): Shirley Jackson meets Han Kang in this Korean slow burning horror story. After a car accident that kills his wife and leaves him almost completely incapacitated, Oghi ends up in the care of his mother-in-law. At first this is straight up body horror as we see the world through Oghi’s eyes. But slowly it changes to become something else entirely if you look for what’s lying just below the surface. One of my very favorites of the year so far. Claire Handscombe Piglettes by Clémetine Beauvais (August 8, Pushkin Children’s Press): It’s not often that a French YA book makes it over to both the UK and the US, so this one must have something special and it certainly sounds original and fun. The three girls voted “ugliest” in their school in a Facebook poll set off across France on their bikes, selling sausages along the way and becoming friends and social media stars. This might turn out to be the perfect heartwarming summer read. Liberty Hardy The Heart’s Invisible Furies by John Boyne (August 22, Hogarth): Set in post-war Ireland, this wonderful novel is the story of one man’s search for love and identity in a cruel and unforgiving world. Given up for adoption at birth to a rich but emotionally unavailable couple, Cyril Avery has spent his childhood keeping his head down. Then he gets to boarding school and meets Julian. Julian is everything Cyril is not: handsome, charming, and bold. And while Cyril knows it is natural to want to be friends with Julian, he feels something else for him: love. Now, in Ireland at the time, being gay wasn’t just considered a sin in the eyes of the Church, it was an actual crime that could land you in prison. So Cyril lives his days in quiet torment, unable to express his true feelings, something that carries on into Cyril’s adulthood. The novel follows Cyril as he moves from Ireland to Amsterdam to NYC, in search of happiness and a sense of himself, not knowing that little parts of h is past are all around him. This book is positively heartbreaking, yes, but it is also ridiculously funny, and quite a bit dirty, too. Pretty sure it will end up being my favorite book of 2017. Annika Barranti Klein A Beautiful Poison by Lydia Kang (August 1, Lake Union Publishing): The Gilded Age, New York City, Spanish Influenzaand maybe murder? Yes, please. Katie McLain Leona: The Die is Cast by Jenny Rogneby (August 1, Other Press): A newly translated, hard-boiled Scandinavian thriller with a flawed female protagonist and a seven-year-old who gets away with a multi-million dollar bank robbery. If that’s not fascinating enough, you need to check out the author’s biography: born in Ethiopia, adopted by a Swedish family at the age of one, an investigator in the Stockholm City Police Department, and a former Swedish pop singer who once opened for Michael Jackson in Estonia. Nicole Brinkley Miles Morales by Jason Reynolds (August 1, Marvel Press): Miles spidey-sense is on the fritz as he struggles to get his school life back on track and fight the baddies putting his neighborhood at risk in Reynolds debut to Marvels comic universe. Reynolds talent is undeniable, and the voice he brings to Miles Morales is fresh and exactly what a young adult novel about (the superior) Spider-Man needed. If the new Spidey movie left you wanting more, this is exactly the thing to pick up. Kate Scott The End of Alzheimer’s by Dale E. Bredesen, M.D. (August 22, Avery): I like to keep up with the latest medical research and few things are likely to catch my attention like a book proclaiming the end of one of the most devastating diseases of the modern era. In this book, Bredesen claims that Alzheimer’s is not one condition but three, identifies 36 metabolic factors that can trigger downsizing of the brain, and outlines a preventative plan that has so far yielded remarkable results in hundreds of test patients. I’m excited to see where this research leads. Mya Nunnally The Clockwork Dynasty by Daniel H Wilson (August 1, Doubleday): I was a big fan of Wilson’s Robopocalypse, which was a NYT bestseller and a great introduction to science fiction for people who normally don’t read that genre. I’m excited to see his fascination with machines transfer to steampunk, one of my favorite genres. Jamie Canaves The First Rule of Punk by Celia C. Pérez (August 22, Viking): Malú is an awesome rock-music-loving-ziner punk girl (whose zine pages you get to see mixed throughout the book). Her Mom moves them from Gainesville to Chicago where Malú has to start a new school for the seventh grade. As you can imagine Malú is less than thrilled about this new development in her life. Worse is that she’ll now be far from her dad who is the one who understands her punk heart while her mom is more interested in her being a señorita. I am always here for latina writers writing latina girls growing up in the U.S. influenced by their parents cultures while also trying to fit into a world that doesn’t always want them to be who they are. Alison Doherty Venturess by Betsy Cornwell (August 1, Clarion Books): Mechanica was one of my favorite Cinderella reimaginings of all time. I loved the steampunk world, the fierce feminism, and that the Cinderella character was a talented inventor. This sequel turns up all of the elements I love to an eleven. Nicolette’s happily ever after doesn’t have anything to do with marrying the handsome prince. Instead, she’s enjoying her successful career and unconventional relationships. And now, she’s preparing for a new adventure a peace to the Faerie land to try and bring an end to their kingdom’s bloody war. I’m excited for everyone to read this amazing sequel and learn about the second half of Nicolette’s story. Sharanya Sharma The Epic Crush of Genie Lo, by F.C. Yee (August 8, Amulet Books): Chinese mythology meets BtVS in this hilarious, imaginative novel about a Chinese American high schooler who has to fight demons AND stay on top of her homework â€" at the same time. Sounds like its going to hit ALLLLLLL of my buttons â€" superheroes, high school woes, and crack-you-up writing. Cant wait!! Sarah Nicolas Mask of Shadows by Linsey Miller (August 29, Sourcebooks Fire): Friends, just check out this one sentence summary (courtesy of the author): A genderfluid thief auditions to become the queens newest royal assassin but must survive the competition while putting their true motives into motionrevenge. You cant see me, but Im making grabby hands at this book for the next month! Karina Glaser Karma Khullar’s Mustache by Kristi Wientge (August 15, Simon Schuster): Karma Khullar, a bi-racial Indian-American girl, is about to start middle school when she encounters an unexpected problem: seventeen hairs have emerged on her upper lip. Faced with changing friendships, a mean girl who tries to steal her best friend, an annoying older brother, and unexpected family dynamics, Karma attempts to navigate a new reality that all middle grade kids can relate to. A wonderful middle grade filled with heart and humor. Angel Cruz Little Lion by Brandy Colbert (August 8, Little, Brown Books for Young Readers): Pointe, Colbert’s first novel, wrecked me when I read it, in all the best ways. Her ability to tie emotional threads together coupled with a vibrant and strong writing style will likely make for another devastatingly good story about a girl who finds herself falling for the same girl her brother loves. I am so excited to read her next book! Cecilia Lyra Stay With Me by Ayobami Adebayo (August 22, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group): There are many reasons to be excited about this book. It was shortlisted for the prestigious Bailey’s Prize. It was celebrated by The Guardian as, A bright, big-hearted demonstration of female spirit. The Financial Times described it as, a tale of real complexity and humanity. But heres why I cant wait to read it: Shadows of Eclipse, a short story by the same author, was thoroughly beautiful and unputdownable. I have very high expectation for this novel, but something tells me that Ms. Adebayo will rise to the occasion. Margaret Kingsbury The Stone Sky by N.K. Jemisin (August 15, Orbit): THE LAST IN THE BROKEN EARTH TRILOGY!!!!! I am so excited. This is, by far, my most anticipated book of the year. I loved the first two in the series, and they’ve easily placed on my best fantasy series ever list, even though I haven’t read the 3rd. In case you haven’t read these yet, they’re an apocalyptic, 2nd world fantasy experience you won’t want to miss. The main character is out to save her daughter and seeks revenge over her son’s murder. Oh, and she’s an orogene, which means she has magical powers that can control geologic formations. This is a super original and awesome series, that will be complete come August 15th, so it’s a great time to start reading if you haven’t yet. Rebecca Hussey Moonbath by Yanick Lahens (August 15, Deep Vellum): Lahens is an entirely new author to me, but I’m intrigued by this book and by the author, who is a cultural leader in Haiti and has been publishing novels in French since 2000. Moonbath was originally published in 2014 and is newly translated by Emily Gogolack. The novel tells the story of four generations of women dealing with a family curse. It won the prestigious Prix Femina in 2014. Ilana Masad The Lauras by Sara Taylor (August 1, Hogarth): With what appears to be a nonbinary or genderqueer narrator, Sara Taylor’s new book is not about gender. Instead, it’s about a 13-year-old narrator and their mother, taking a road trip together to find the mother’s various friends, all named Laura, all of whom played an important role in her life. The book has already been super well-reviewed in the UK, and I look forward to reading it when it comes out in the US. Jaime Herndon The Wrong Way to Save Your Life: Essays by Megan Stielstra (August 1, Harper Perennial): Stielstra’s essays are so masterfully done, that after almost every one, I had to put the book down and take a breather, and reflect on what I’d just read. She tackles postpartum depression, family, debt, parenting, childhood illness, politics, and more. When Roxane Gay gives a book a glowing blurb, you know it’s the real deal. Tirzah Price Spellbook of the Lost and Found by Moira Fowley-Doyle (August 8, Kathy Dawson Books): I fell hard for Fowley-Doyle’s writing when I read her debut novel, The Accident Season, a couple of years ago, and I’ve been itching for more of her writing ever since. I love her Irish settings, and it looks as though Spellbook of the Lost and Found will be moody and magicaljust the thing to get me in the mood for fall! Priya Sridhar The Tigers Watch (Ashes of Gold #1) by Julia Ember (August 22, Harmony Ink Press): We have a nonbinary hero trained to fight, and to bond with animals to kill opponents. Tashi finds out they’ve gotten in over their head, however, and goes into hiding at a monastery. They also develop feelings for the enemy’s star commander. This looks like a tantalizing read about moral ambiguity and infatuation in the time of war. Aram Mrjoian Home Fire by Kamila Shamsie (August 15, 2017, Riverhead Books) Already longlisted for the 2017 Man Booker Prize, Kamila Shamsie’s novel is modern take on the Greek tragedy Antigone. Shamsie develops a complex family portrait of three siblings trying to make sense of their identities in the wake of rampant xenophobia and the fallout of their absent jihadist father. Told from five distinct points of view, Shamsie’s narrative patiently comes together with superb prose and a loving commitment to every character. Rabeea Saleem Seeing Red by Lina Meruane (August 3, Atlantic Books, UK Release): This book is translated by Megan McDowell who is the translator of some of my favourite books in recent years. The fact that it’s a semi-autobiographical book about a woman having trouble with her vision piqued my interest. The novel tracks the devastating and repulsive journey of the consequences of this visual impediment and how it affects her own life and that of her loved ones. I’m extremely intrigued about this book and can’t wait to dive into it. Maya Smart A Kind of Freedom by Margaret Wilkerson Sexton, (August 15, Counterpoint Press): Sexton’s debut novel explores the fragility of the black upper class as it traces the fall of a prominent New Orleans family through three generations of systemic racism and familial strife. Her account of how fictional descendants of Louisiana’s first black doctor wind up strung out and incarcerated is both vividly imagined and sensitively rendered. The prose shines in its portrayals of the poignancy and persistence of black love in trying times, keeping what could be a grim tale fascinating and optimistic. Kim Ukura Fifty Inventions that Shaped the Modern Economy by Tim Harford (August 29, Riverhead Books): If you know the name Tim Harford, it’s probably from one of his earlier books, The Undercover Economist, a primer on the big principles of economics. In Fifty Inventions…, Harford looks at a range of crucial inventions â€" paper money, passports, the iPhone, the Pill, leaded gasoline, the Billy bookcase, and tons more â€" that have significantly contributed to economic change over time. I feel like this one is going to be fun to dip in and out of over the month. James Wallace Harris All These Worlds (Bobiverse Book 3) by Dennis E. Taylor (August 8, Audible Studios): This trilogy which began with We Are Legion (We Are Bob) and continued in For We Are Many is about a 21st century man, Bob Johansson, who becomes a computer program next century. Bob experiences about every kind of science fiction adventure any fan can imagine. The first two books were as fun as reading The Martian by Andy Weir and Ready Player One by Ernest Cline concurrently. The first volume has gotten over thirty-two thousand ratings at Audible, which is more than all but the most famous science fiction books, yet few people know about this series. Deepali Agarwal The Greatest Urdu Stories Ever Told by Muhammad Umar Memon (August 16, Aleph Book Company): A collection of twenty-five translated, curated Urdu stories, this book promises to cover some far-reaching ground, from the origins of Urdu short fiction to the radically political writings during Indian Independence and Partition, to some great modern experimental fiction. I am hoping to revisit some classic masterpieces as well as discover some hidden gems in this volume. Save Save Save Save

Review Of The Catcher Rye And Huckleberry Finn

English Combined Coursework: Comparative Essay The theme of rejection is highly predominant in both The Catcher in the Rye and Huckleberry Finn. Both plotlines constantly intertwine with the concept of dismissal from peers, family and society. Despite being set in eras nearing a century apart; these novels perfectly encapsulate conflicts within their cultures. Huckleberry Finn is set in the 1840’s – a time when slavery was still yet to be abolished in America’s southern states. Throughout the novel, Twain uses the prejudice towards those affected as a moral issue which helps to shape Huck’s persona and attitude throughout. The excerpt I am using from Huckleberry Finn is from chapter 5. In this passage, Pap – Huck’s alcoholic and abusive†¦show more content†¦Both books can be described as bildungsroman (coming of age) novels; the transformation of our main protagonists is reflected in the narrative voice. Twain sticks to dialect suitable for the geographical location of Huckleberry Finn. The deep southern drawl is portrayed by phonetic spelling; â€Å"I hain’t got no money†, and the lack of complex vocabulary offers an insight into Huck’s deprivation of learning in his early years. In the 1800’s, illiteracy was a hugely common aspect among the general population, education was still only associated with the rich. This meant a very low percentage of people could gain access – which explains Pap’s taunting attitude towards Huck’s brief stint of schooling during his time with the widow. â€Å"†¦Can read and write. You think you’re better’n your father, now, don’t you†, the criticising rant from Pap hints that because of his studying, Huck does no longer belong with them. J.D Salinger uses distinct lexis to show Holden’s class compared with people he converses with whilst in New York City. The often immature remarks and taboo lexis make him relatable to young adult audiences – especially those who feel like outsiders can connect with Holden. The use of the word ‘phoney’ repeatedly throughout the book tells us how he chooses to isolate himself from others he does not deem genuine; although we only see him show true admiration towards Allie, Phoebe and Jane Gallagher. Blasphemy is an

Essay about Child Development, Nature vs Nurture - 801 Words

. The nature versus nurture debate is one of the oldest issues in psychology. The debate centers on the relative contributions ofgenetic inheritance and environmental factors to human development. Some philosophers such as Plato and Descartes suggested that certain things are inborn, or that they simply occur naturally regardless of environmental influences. Other well-known thinkers such as John Locke believed in what is known as tabula rasa, which suggests that the mind begins as a blank slate. According to this notion, everything that we are and all of our knowledge is determined by our experience. For example, when a person achieves tremendous academic success, did they do so because they are genetically predisposed to be†¦show more content†¦Babies begin to take in sensory experiences from the world around them from the moment of birth, and the environment will continue to exert a powerful influence on behavior throughout life. Geneticscan have a powerful influence on development, but experiences are equally important. For example, while the genetic code contains the information on how a childs brain may be pre-wired, it is learning and experience that will literally shape how that childs brain grows and develops. Final ThoughtsClearly, genetics have an enormous influence on how a child develops. However, it is important to remember that genetics are just one piece of the intricate puzzle that makes up a childs life. Environmental variables, including parenting, culture, education and social relationships also play a vital role. Nature versus Nurture is a popular debate about whether our genetics, or environmental influences mold more of who we are. An example is whether you get your out-going personality because of your DNA, or because you grew up in an environment that made you out-going. Nature is your genes, Nurture is environmental influences.Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_argument_of_nature_vs_nurture#ixzz29QTunXP3 The nature vs nurture debate is one of the most enduring in the field of psychology.How far are human behaviors, ideas, and feelings, INNATE and how far are they all LEARNED?These issues are at theShow MoreRelatedNature Vs. Nurture Debate878 Words   |  4 Pages When one thinks about child development, are personalities and traits produced by genetics or shaped by the environment? Or, is there a relationship between nature and nurture with regards to child development? The debate continues. While some believe â€Å"nature and nurture work together, others believe they are separate and opposing influences† (McDevitt, 2010). Nature vs Nurture In regards to the nature vs. nurture debate, â€Å"this debate is a major issue in many social science disciplines and isRead More Nature vs Nurture: Genes vs Environment Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pagesand philosopher thinkers on the spectrum of ‘nature vs. nurture’ arose concerning human development. In the nature versus nurture debate, the term nature refers to the genes we inherit while the term nurture refers to our outside environment (Nature vs. Nurture: Twin and Adoption Studies). This debate of ‘nature vs. nurture’ has existed for centuries and up to now it is still a topic of major discussion although at present time. Human development is the scientific study of age-related changesRead MoreNature vs Nurture Essay804 Words   |  3 PagesThe controversy of nature vs. nurture has been disputed for years. Nature vs. nurture refers to the question of which factors are most significant in determining development; those related to heredity or environm ent. It has been reported that some scientists think that â€Å"nature† is referred as the importance in heredity as the major determinate also known as â€Å"nature† the theory of human behavior. The nurture theory scientists believe that people think and behave in certain ways because they areRead MoreNature vs Nurture: Do Genes Or Environment Matter More? Essay1300 Words   |  6 PagesNature versus nurture has emerged as one of the most heated debates in the 21st century. It is more aligned towards the internal and external factors that comprise human beings behavior. The internal factors are innate and perceived to be genetically revolved as opposed to the external factors that are influenced by the environment and individuals’ experiences. However, scholars in different fields have researched on the relationship between nature and nurture without due success and this has createdRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Addiction1102 Words   |  5 Pages Nature vs. Nurture: Addiction Introduction Psychology is a developing science which studies the mental functions, processes, and behaviors of an individual. In the science of psychology, many debates arise; nature vs. nurture is one of the most popular ones. These psychological debates are followed by research, backing up either nature or nurture or both. Nature suggest heredity impacts human psychological development; nurture suggests the environment impacts our psychologicalRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Essay882 Words   |  4 PagesNature vs Nurture The discussion about nature and nurture can be considered one of the oldest problems in psychology, the main question of which is: Are human traits present at birth or are they developing through experience? (Meyers, 2013). The natural side of the discussion asserts that the facial features and the way of their development strictly through DNA and genetics are transmitted by parents and grandparents. The nurture side of the debate argues that we are born with a clean list andRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology1194 Words   |  5 PagesReiss, D., Shaw, D. S., Natsuaki, M. N., . . . Leve, L. D. (2014). Adoptive parent hostility and children’s peer behavior problems: Examining the role of genetically informed child attributes on adoptive parent behavior. Developmental Psychology, 50(5), 1543-1552. This source goes against the belief that nature and nurture even paly that much of a significant role in the way children grow up to portray themselves. Elam and Shaw say that it’s all about personal choices. They feel that through theirRead MoreChild Development: Heredity and Environment1240 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween nature versus nurture or even environment versus heredity leads to the question of: does the direct environment or the nature surrounding an adolescent directly influence acts of delinquency, later progressing further into more radical crimes such as murder or psychotic manifestation, or is it directly linked to the hereditary traits and genes passed down from that individual adolescent’s biological parents? To answer this question one must first understand the difference between nature, nurtureRead MoreNature vs Nurture, a Not Quite a Twin1684 Words   |  7 PagesNature vs Nurture A Not Quite Twin Study Tamara Richardson Seminole State College of Florida Abstract This paper is going to discuss the Nature vs Nurture debate. There will be history of the debate, where it is presently and where it may go in the future. We will look at the beginning of the debate, the battle that started with Descartes and was pushed further by BF Skinner, Bandura and Piaget. We will further look at Bandura and Piaget and look at Social learning theory verses biology. InterviewsRead MoreNature vs. Nurture818 Words   |  3 PagesNature Versus Nurture Introduction: There are few mysteries that are greater or provoke more debate than that which dictates human individuality. Sociologists, psychologists and genealogists have long argued over the roles played by the inherent genetic and biological features of an individual and the environmental, contextual and experiential realities surrounding the individual where the development of personality, ability and orientation are concerned. This underscores the debate between nature

The Ultimate Social Issue Essay Trick

The Ultimate Social Issue Essay Trick The environment is extremely sensitive and even the slightest imbalance will cause an excellent negative effects. It's significant to remember that suicide in society is normally connected with despair that emanates from mental disorders like depression and schizophrenia. The society ought to go beyond aging and find out more about the idea of aging. To begin with, your essay is supposed to tackle a particular social, psychological or anthropological matter. There are a few crucial things which you want to know so as to write up a superb essay. When you compose a social issue essay, it is crucial to clearly show your private view of the issue. If you wish to compose a controversial essay, you definitely should look for the most effective social issues topics or satire topics. Social Issue Essay Features Because people know the matter is so complex they frequently wonder what the best method to help homeless people is. Issues like homo sexuality create a difference in how people react in society. When you look around, you're observe social difficulties that affect society each and every day. Throughout the life program, there are social problems connected with diverse ages. Education has become the most powerful weapon that you can use to modify the world Nelson Mandela. Poverty also impacts the environment. It is a social problem because it reduces the economic growth due to low levels of production. It is one of the main social problems in the world. In the society there aren't any role models where the elderly can learn from. You are not only describing something, you're analyzing and even dissecting it. There are a number of methods people use to combat social problems. As a result of shifting needs and steep statistics baby boomers will nonetheless help determine the society in various ways. The choice to commit suicide is always premature and doesn't entail a substantial measure of the worth of life among individuals. Additionally, most people in society realize that suicide usually means the inability of people to produce effective solutions to unique issues which exist within society. Social Issue Essay - the Conspiracy Writing an intriguing essay about trendy topics is an opportunity to reveal your understanding of the planet. When writing a crucial essay you aren't going to have to be original, actually, the more references you may include in your paper the much better results you'll have with the essay. So in case you have been assigned with Essay Assignment on social issues then transgender rights is among the important characteristics of your subject. Social issues transcend almost every facet of the society, and for that reason, gi ven the undertaking of writing an essay on social issues, one is indirectly given the opportunity to pick from the plethora of topics within the area. Given such an endeavor, make certain that you understand or have a notion about a particular social issue you desire to manage. For a social issue to be classified as an issue, it has to be getting attention from the general public. There are only certain approaches to figure out whether the info is reliable or not. It is often as easy as narrowing your topic. Social Issue Essay Secrets When it may boost their social life, it is exceedingly detrimental to their academic life and the majority of them may wind up failing. There are a lot of problems, even on your own campus, which should be resolved. Many social issues are debated for a long time. Additionally, there are issues which don't fall into either category, including wars. New Ideas Into Social Issue Essay Never Before Revealed Apparently, most of the population in am erica earn their living by working for somebody and lots of families in our country are based on the salary. There is a particular fragility of revenue and social position in France. India today is just one of the quickest developing nations with impressive financial growth prices.

A Guide Into The Not So Wonderful World Of LSD Essay Example For Students

A Guide Into The Not So Wonderful World Of LSD Essay A Guide Into The Not So Wonderful World Of LSDA Guide to the Not So Wonderful World of LSDDiscovery of LSDLSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) come from a fungus that grows on rye and other grains. Albert Hofmann, working at Sandoz, a Swiss pharmaceutical company, produced LSD for the first time in 1938. He was hoping that it could be used to stimulate circulation and respiration, though this idea failed. Hofmann forgot about the new found drug, and didnt use it for five years. In 1943 he accidentally ingested LSD and experienced some effects of the drug, such as visual distortion, dizziness and restlessness. He experienced the drug again, though this time not on accident. We will write a custom essay on A Guide Into The Not So Wonderful World Of LSD specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Forms of LSDLSD can come in many different forms. Three more common forms are paper blotter, liquid, gelatin. Paper blotter, the most common form of all, comes divided into squares called tabs. These tabs usually have between 30 100 ug of LSD. These papers are made by taking a sheet of absorbent paper, usually decorated, and soaking it with a dilution of LSD. All the dilutions are not the same, for the can vary greatly from batch to batch, LSD2and there is no way of telling exactly how much LSD is on it. Liquid LSD is usually water based, though it can be based with other solvents. A single drop of liquid LSD could be up to 50 times stronger the regular paper blotter because it is more than the normal dose. It is not all that common for people to sell liquid LSD because there is no way to be sure of its potency. It is usually stored in small dropper bottles. Gelatin LSD, also known as window panes, is made by mixing liquid LSD with gelatin. It has to be formed into small, thin squares after that. A single gelatin tab usually has around 50 150 ug of LSD. This method of making LSD is generally better because it protects the LSD from being exposed to the air and sun, which can break down the drug. Cost of LSDWhen LSD is sold as paper blotter, the price usually ranges from 3 10 dollars per hit, though it can be more expensive depending on where it is sold. Being sold from friend to friend it is usually less, but places such as raves will sell it for more. Less common LSD will go for more money then blotter paper will. Its price is around 8-10 dollars per hit. If you by LSD in bulk, such as sheets of blotter paper, it is always less per hit, ranging from 1-2 dollars per hit. LSD3Use of LSDLSD is most commonly ingested orally. With both paper blotter and gelatin, the LSD is placed in the users mouth, the chewed or swallowed. When using liquid LSD it can be put on the tongue and swallowed, or put directly in the eye. Physical EffectsLSD is said to disrupt the way seratonin, the chemical in the brain that enables electrical messages, is used by the brain. It distorts the messages, most visual, and causes one on LSD to see things. Changes such as slight rise in body temperature and heart rate, and dilated pupils are all due to LSD when on the drug. When taking LSD you also LSD6Works CitedFacts about LSDhttp://www.arf.org/isd/pim/lsd.html(4 May 2000)L.S.D. http://www.brookes.ac.uk/health/libra/lsd.html(3 May 2000)Erowid Erowid LSD vaulthttp://www.erowid.org/chemicals/lsd/(3 May 2000)LSDhttp://members.aol.com/rscottlcsw/lsd.htm(3 May 2000)LSDhttp://www.mninter.net/publish/lsd.htm(4 May 2000)DEA-Publication: LSD in the United Stateshttp://www.mninter.net/publish/lsd2.htm(4 May 2000)Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) Illegal LSD Productionhttp://www.mninter.net/publish/lsd3.htm(4 May 2000)LSD7Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)http://www.mninter.net/publish/lsd5.htm(4 May 2000)Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)http://www.mninter.net/publish/lsd7.htm(4 May 2000)Terrill, James The Nature of the LSD Experiencehttp://www.psychedelic-library.org/terrill.html(4 May 2000)Neuroscience Resources fir Kids LSDhttp://www.soton.ac.uk/jrc3/chudler/lsd.html(4 May 2000)feel a tingling sensation in your fingers and toes, chills and goose bumps, and facial flushingFeeling nauseated, weak, dizzy and intense anxiety is very common when experiencing LSD. It can also effect blood pressure, blood sugar, and amount of salvation. .u58d8359edcede3c1a2b5f17b074e31f1 , .u58d8359edcede3c1a2b5f17b074e31f1 .postImageUrl , .u58d8359edcede3c1a2b5f17b074e31f1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u58d8359edcede3c1a2b5f17b074e31f1 , .u58d8359edcede3c1a2b5f17b074e31f1:hover , .u58d8359edcede3c1a2b5f17b074e31f1:visited , .u58d8359edcede3c1a2b5f17b074e31f1:active { border:0!important; } .u58d8359edcede3c1a2b5f17b074e31f1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u58d8359edcede3c1a2b5f17b074e31f1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u58d8359edcede3c1a2b5f17b074e31f1:active , .u58d8359edcede3c1a2b5f17b074e31f1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u58d8359edcede3c1a2b5f17b074e31f1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u58d8359edcede3c1a2b5f17b074e31f1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u58d8359edcede3c1a2b5f17b074e31f1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u58d8359edcede3c1a2b5f17b074e31f1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u58d8359edcede3c1a2b5f17b074e31f1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u58d8359edcede3c1a2b5f17b074e31f1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u58d8359edcede3c1a2b5f17b074e31f1 .u58d8359edcede3c1a2b5f17b074e31f1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u58d8359edcede3c1a2b5f17b074e31f1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Cask of the Amontillado - Revenge EssayLSD4Mental and other effectsVisual images and hallucinations are very common with LSD. If taking too much of the drug, these visuals can become too extreme or overpowering, cause one on the drug to want to stop the drug, which is not possible. With a normal amount of LSD in ones body, the visuals are intense colors and flashes of lights. Tracers are also common. Emotions range from various different states. Some feel content, others disturbed, confused, or even afraid. There is distortion in time, distance, and gravity. Feeling all senses at once, fusion, is common, such as music being seen of objects being heard. A person on LSD does not have any control over their thought process. Though most people enjoy their experience with LSD, there are those who can have an extremely unpleasant experience, called a bad trip. One who is having a bad trip can experience feeling such as fear, anxiety, and depression. They can feel as there is no reality, that they have no identity, and that they are melting into nothingness. There are some long-term effects of LSD, the main one being flashbacks. This is when a person, who is not on LSD at that time, experiences what he would be feeling if he were on the drug. Flashbacks can occur days, weeks, months, even a year after the drug was last taken. They usually only last a couple of minutes, and are distortion of images and vivid colors. LSD5Tolerance and dependence of LSDThere is no physical dependence on LSD. A user will not experience withdrawal after quitting the drug. One can develop a psychological dependence though, if one is a regular user. The need to keep taking the drug becomes a compulsion. Tolerances to LSDs effects develop rapidly. A larger amount of LSD is required to produce the effects desired. When one takes LSD a few days in a row, its almost impossible to get the normal effects the drug usually provides. One who builds up a tolerance to LSD also has to take more of the lesser hallucinogens the get the effects. LSD and the LawLSD is illegal. It is a schedule 1 drug, meaning that it has no medical use. To the law, LSD was names a Class A drug, along with cocaine and heroin, due to the Misuse of Drugs Act of 1971. Police can charge a person with possession of LSD, with intent to sell, or give away free. Words/ Pages : 1,093 / 24

Learner Difference and Learner Needs

Introduction The triarchic theory of intelligence was put together by Robert Sternberg, an outstanding expert in the field of human intellect. Sternberg’s hypothesis was by itself a landmark because it was amongst the earliest not to be in favor of the psychometric approach to intelligence.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Learner Difference and Learner Needs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In place of the psychometric approach, it took a cognitive line. Sternberg’s classification of human intelligence is dependent on the way in which a person contends with environmental adjustments in the course of their existence. The theory is composed of three sections; componential, experiential, and practical. Various elements of information processing Sternberg connected the operations of the human brain with a string of elements. The elements include meta-components, performance components and information-ac quisition components. Meta-components refer to decision-making practices applied in problem unraveling and the coming up with resolutions that entail the greater part of handling one’s mind. They inform the brain the way something should be done. Performance components are the procedures that essentially perform the deeds that the meta-components direct. They are thus the fundamental procedures that let an individual perform things such as distinguishing problems in one’s lasting memory, looking at associations involving objects, and applying associations to a further array of terms. The very last of elements, information-acquisition elements, are utilized in acquiring new information. The components accomplish undertakings that entail carefully picking information from immaterial information. These elements can as well be employed to join the diverse pieces of information they have collected. Talented people are capable of employing these elements since they are at a position to become skilled at new information at a superior rate. Even as Sternberg clarifies that the fundamental information dispensation elements behind the three sections of his theory are the identical, it is good to note that various circumstances and various undertakings call for different forms of brainpower. Sub theoryAdvertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The componential sub theory is linked with logical ability. It lies among the three forms of giftedness that Sternberg identifies. Logical ability is significant in being at a position to break down problems and having the capacity to make out clarifications not frequently seen. Sorry to say, people with only this form are not as proficient at coming up with exceptional ideas of their own. This type of ability is what is assessed in many of the times. Experiential Sub theory This is the second phase of Sternberg’s theory and deals with the manner in which an undertaking is carried out with regard to how well it is known. The function of familiarity is split into two components: originality and automation. A novel state refers to a situation in which an individual has never been. Persons who are skillful at handling a novel situation can undertake the task and come up with innovative approaches of dealing with it in such a way that most people are unable to understand. A procedure that has undergone automation is one that has been carried out several times and can now be carried out with slight or no additional attention. Once a procedure has been automated, it can be carried out in parallel with similar or other undertakings. The setback with novelty and automation is that an individual may be skillful in one element and poor in the other. Practical Sub theory The third sub theory by Sternberg is about the intellectual activity entailed in achieving a fit to circumstance. In the course of the three procedures of adaptation, shaping, and selection, people produce the best fit linking themselves and their surroundings. Adaptation takes place when an individual makes an alteration within him/herself in order to fit better in the environment they live. For instance, whenever it gets cold, individuals adapt by putting on warm clothing. Shaping takes place whenever an individual changes their surroundings to fit their needs better. For instance, a lecturer brings into play the rule of raising one’s hand to have a word to make sure that the lecture is conducted with least possible disruption.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Learner Difference and Learner Needs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The course of selection is carried out when the current surrounding faces the risk of being replaced by new alternate surroundings, which threaten an individual’s ability to attain his/her objectives. This expl ains why immigrants leave their homelands where they suffer financial and societal adversities and go to other nations in search of an improved life. The efficiency with which a person fits to his or her surroundings and deals with daily occurrences shows their level of intelligence. Sternberg’s third form of intelligence entails the capacity to put to use manmade and logical abilities in daily conditions. It is also important to note that Sternberg views intelligence is multifaceted and thus a person can possess more than one of the previously mentioned three intelligences. Many people may have a combination of all three, and thus a person may hold superior heights of all three intelligences. Implications for educational practice This theory holds three main implications for educational psychology. Firstly, education for all forms of brainpower is vital since students need to make the most of their brilliant capabilities at the same time they labor build up the capacities in which they exhibit limitations. Second, learners’ most brilliant capabilities are straightforwardly linked to their most agreeable learning methods. Finally, since these changeable capabilities are real, there needs to be numerous evaluations of school achievement, not just the ones that emphasize on conventional logical abilities. This essay on Learner Difference and Learner Needs was written and submitted by user Benson Miles to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Define what is meant by the term `learning organisation` Essay Example

Define what is meant by the term `learning organisation` Essay Example Define what is meant by the term `learning organisation` Essay Define what is meant by the term `learning organisation` Essay Define what is meant by the term `learning organisation` . What might help advancement towards this in a wellness or societal attention administration? Introduction The term learning organisation’ has grown out of the construct of womb-to-tomb acquisition. Learning administrations concentrate on the societal mileu in which larning takes topographic point and this implies a more holistic attack to larning which is favorable to Government efforts to advance womb-to-tomb acquisition in all administrations. Griffin ( 2000 ) has identified the larning administration as portion of the scheme of authorities to do womb-to-tomb larning a affair of educational policy. This is apparent in undertakings such as the Higher Education Active Community where the Government made funding available to promote the thought of organizational larning through partnerships between institutes of higher instruction, the voluntary sector and local concerns. Griffin ( 1999 B ) has argued that: The scheme of authoritiess is to make the conditions in which people, households, communities and administrations are most likely to larn for themselves, therefore rid ofing the demand for instruction policy in the traditional sense( Griffin, 1999b:440 ) . Whether or non one agrees with Griffin’s point of position people within a learning administration learn and develop together in ways which may convey benefits to the wider community. The acquisition administration is still a heatedly debated and therefore non easy defined subject, however this paper will get down withadefinition of what is meant by the term learning administration. Then, utilizing an administration called Homestart, it will try to place what might help their advancement towards a more to the full developed larning administration. The Concept of a Learning Administration The thought of the learning administration is developed most clearly in the work of Senge ( 1990 ) . He describes a learning administration as one where: †¦people continually expand their capacity to make the consequences they genuinely desire, where new and expansive forms of thought are nurtured, where corporate aspirations is set free, and where people are continually larning to larn together( Senge, 1990:4 ) . Within a learning administration there is concentration on how administrations gain, usage, and portion cognition and how organizational action and development programs are drawn up on the footing of that cognition. Within a learning administration people should reflect on what they have learned and utilize it to inform their pattern and to help the accomplishment of the ends of their administration. Those people most involved in authorship and learning about larning administrations ( peculiarly those outside of an academic context ) examine forms of behavior in administrations ( Roper and Petit, 2000 ) . The values that lie behind Senge’s ( 1990 ) construct of the acquisition administration are: Valuing different sorts of cognition and acquisition manners and making a learning environment’ so each organizational member can gain his/her full potency. Dialogue and geographic expedition of different positions and experiences to bring forth originative thought. Team work and interrupting down traditional barriers or winkers within organsiations and so release originative potency. Fostering leading potency throughout the administration and cut downing differentiations, such as those between direction and staff, between strategians and implementers, between support and professional staff and so on. ( Roper and Petit, 2000:2 ) . Within a learning administration reflecting on acquisition and incorporating it into pattern should bring forth greater self-knowledge and the willingness to dispute personal premises and stereotypes and therefore to associate better to others. The Learning Organisation in the Voluntary Sector The acquisition administration is a topical topic of argument and the construct is going progressively popular with voluntary administrations. However, the construct is a challenge for the voluntary sector where, as Jones and Henry ( 1994 ) contend bottom up’ acquisition is common pattern. Voluntary administrations ( such as Home Start ) must get down with oppugning their ain organizational construction and request: . . . how we can make organizational constructions which are meaningful to people so they can help, take part and more meaningfully command their ain fate in an unhindered way’( Jones and Hendry 1994:160 ) . Home Start began with an initial undertaking in Leicester more than thirty old ages ago. It is now a national administration consisting some three hundred undertakings. National Office provides a nexus and support for the assorted vicinity voluntary undertakings. Home Start was formed to give aid and advice to female parents with immature kids, peculiarly those who were off from household and friends. Home Start and the Concept of the Learning Organisation Administrations such as Home Start make full the spread for households who have trouble in accessing statutory services ( Oakley et al, 1998 ) . It is non easy to measure whether administrations such as Home Start could be termed learning organisations’ because the charity is composed of many little voluntary groups. However, like many charities Home Start does hold a mission statement and a set of guidelines and runing rules that the assorted groups adhere to and for this ground it might be looked on as holding the capacity to go a learning administration. The pattern of underside up acquisition ( Power et Al, 2002 ) means that Home Start and other administrations take into history user’s positions to mensurate its public presentation and to set up organizational precedences based on user feedback so that users are actively involved instead than as Power et Al ( 2002:4 ) maintaindevelop them.If Home Start truly does seek to avoid developing client’s lives and gi ving them a voice in organizational structuring so the application of Senge’s position that the interrupting down of barriers and the thought of squad work will be indispensable. This means that the voluntaries that Home Start relies on to work with households referred to them will necessitate non merely their ain life experiences but specific preparation in furthering the originative potency of the people with whom they work. Decision Homes Start already values different sorts of larning but if it is to win as a learning administration and to carry through its committedness to the construct of household larning so it will necessitate to be borne in head that among its users there will be a assortment of different acquisition manners. The acquisition environment will therefore necessitate to be flexible plenty to accommodate to these different manners. While other research ( Oakley et al, 1998 ) tends to the position that it is hard to measure what if any benefit and alteration occurs in households who use Home Start’s services, the administration and its users tend to take the position that any positive alteration in users’ fortunes reflects good on the administration. From my ain experience of a short enchantment detecting the work that Home Start does it would look that within the assorted groups at that place needs to be less differentiation between workers and users. Sometimes the voluntary secto r tends to keep the position quo between its professional workers and its voluntaries instead than furthering leading potency. Implementing this sort of teamwork would intend alterations in construction, direction and support issues. This would increase the value of its services within the community ( Powers et al, 2002 ) . I would reason that a decrease in the differentiations between the assorted agents in the voluntary sector and greater engagement of all concerned in the determination devising procedure would increase the likeliness of societal attention undertakings such as Home Start come oning in their purpose to go a learning administration. 1000 words Mentions and Bibliography Griffin, C. ( July, 2000 ) Lifelong acquisition: Policy, Strategy and Culture Working Papers on the Global Colloquium on Supporting Lifelong Learning ( online ) Milton Keynes, UK: Open University hypertext transfer protocol: //www.open.ac.uk/lifelong-learning accessed: 9/9/05 Griffin, C. M. ( 1999b )Lifelong acquisition and public assistance reform. International Journal of Lifelong Education Vol 18 No 6 Nov-Dec 1999 ( 431-452 ) Jones, Alan M. and Chris Hendry ( 1994 ) The larning administration: grownup acquisition and organizational transformation’ ,British Journal of Management5:153–162. Petit, J. , Roper, L. and Eade, D. 2003Development and the Learning OrganisationLondon, Oxfam Academic Oakley, Rajan, and Turner1998. Evaluating parent support initiativesHealth and Social Care in the Community6( 5 ) , 318–330 319 Powers, G. Maury, M. and Maury, S. 2002 Operationalising underside up acquisition in international Nongovernmental organization: Barriers and optionsDevelopment in PracticeVol 12 No. 3-4 1stAugust 2002 p. 272-284 Senge, P. ( 1990) . The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organisation, New York: Doubleday.

Tim's Coffee Shoppe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tim's Coffee Shoppe - Essay Example The product, price, placement, and promotion marketing criterion (Pride & Ferrell, 2012) informs the implementation of Tim’s consideration. The breakfast quiches will complement the need for a side product to the coffee offered by Tim’s Coffee Shoppe. Price adjustments would have to be undertaken in a manner that meets customer expectations. Moreover, the placement of the new products fits into the already existing market, and promotions could be employed in marketing the new line of products at the Coffee Shoppe. The menu board at Tim’s Coffee Shoppe is commendable, but essentially in need of some improvements. Given the diversity and dynamism exhibited in the hot and cold beverage markets, Tim’s Coffee Shoppe should work on offering more and diversified coffee products. Also, customers should not be targeted as a general unit. Instead, Tim’s Coffee Shoppe should identify its customer segments and seek to meet the needs, tastes, and preferences of each identified segment. Finally, complementary products that Tim’s Coffee Shoppe intends to offer should be in a position to maintain the uniqueness of the business in the

Fall for the Book Event Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fall for the Book Event - Assignment Example The presenters, qualified and highly professional, vastly expound on the topics and subjects of the presentations. The presenters make the topics comprehensible and understandable for students. I planned to attend a session at the annual festival on Friday, the 27th of September. The session is scheduled to start at half past ten and proceed until noon. The title of the book was ‘The Political Thought of Frederick Douglass’. The presenter is a political science scholar, Nicholas Buccola. The event was to take place at George Mason University. The venue for the presentation was Sandy Spring Bank tent, at George Mason University. My choice to attend the event was because of the passion I have for the political science. The professionalism of the presenter would make the session enjoyable to warrant an attendance by anyone interested in the book’s analysis. I admire any session led by Nicholas Buccola, a renowned scholar of political science studies. The session, courtesy of the sponsorship of Gale Language, would be exceptional, outstanding and jovial to attend. The analysis of the political ideologies of Frederick Douglas would be a charming session in th e event. Buccola’s prowess in presenting a deep analysis of political science topics is plausible. He can analyze how much intrinsic Frederick Douglass explores the possibility of having the promise of freedom for human beings. The analysis would be highly appealing. Given my deep aspiration to attend the event, I arrived at the venue early not to miss any part of the presentation. I planned before the day, enough for the event, and dedicated an ample time and questions to ask during the session. Having prepared for the presentation, I enjoyed the entire session. The presenter, in my opinion, was great in the area of presentation.  

The Russian Folklaw Of Baba Yaga English Literature Essay

The Russian Folklaw Of Baba Yaga English Literature Essay One of the most well known figures from Russian folklore is that of Baba Yaga. Baba Yagas name can be roughly translated as Granny Yaga; or Old Hag. In Russian Myths Baba Yaga brings many of the dominant themes of Russian fairy tales together: she travels on the wind, occupies the domain of the leshii, the forest spirits, and is associated with death. Also known as Baba Yaga Kostinaya Noga, or Baba Yaga Bony Leg she possesses gnashing steel teeth, and penetrating eyes, and, in short, is quite enough to intimidate even the most courageous (or foolish, depending on the tale) hero or heroine. Like the witches of other cultures, her preferred method of transportation in the folktale is an implement commonly used for household labor, though unlike the witches of the West, rather than traveling upon a broom, she chooses to ride in a mortar, rowing with a pestle, and using a broom to sweep away the tracks or any trace of herself that she may leave. Her home is a mobile hut perched upon chic ken legs, which folklorist Vladimir Propp had once said might be related to the zoomorphic izbushkii, or initiation huts, where neophytes were symbolically consumed by the monster, only to emerge later as adults. In his book An Introduction to the Russian Folktale, Jack Haney points out that Baba Yagas hut has much in common with the village bathhouse à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the place where many ritual ceremonies occurred, including the initiatory rituals. This corresponds to the role that her hut plays in the fairy tales of Russia but the nature of the initiation differs from story to story, dependent upon the circumstances of the character, Baba Yagas presence customarily serves as a signifier of change. Baba Yagas domain is the forest, widely acknowledged as a traditional symbol of change and a place of peril, where she acts as either a challenger or a helper to anyone who ventures into her space. In Western tales, these two roles are typically split into different characters stereotyped as either witch or fairy godmother. Baba Yaga, however, is a complex individual: depending on the circumstances of the specific story, she may choose to use her powers for good or ill. One of the aspects of Baba Yaga that makes her fairly threatening even when she plays the helper role is that, like the witch of Hansel and Gretel, her culinary habits leave something to be desired. She is a cannibal: children who fail to observe proper etiquette in her home find themselves serving as examples to the audience, and served to the witch as meals and then made into fences used to warn others of the dangers within. Theorists connect these tales to a Russian ritual of healing referred to as perepekanie (rebaking) in which newly born or ill children were placed in a warm oven with the incantation: Just as the dough rises, so let the body of this child rise, too. Jack Haney notes that this rite finds its analogue in those tales in which a witch, the Baba Yaga, captures a small boy, Ivanushka, and prepares to eat himà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ She tells him to lie down on the oven panel. He lies down; hands and feet straight up, and therefore does not fit into the oven. He asks her to sh ow him how to lie on the oven panel correctly. She lies down, and he pops her into the oven and roasts her. Its interesting Haneys use of the in reference to Baba Yaga indicates her authoritative positioning in the chain of command in Russian myths. Unlike other villains, who may be defeated once, never to be heard from again, Baba Yaga is not permanently conquerable, for Baba Yaga is far more than just another witch. In such stories, typically, the heroes fall into Baba Yagas hands by breaking some rule of the forest, or abusing her hospitality, and are assisted or advised by woodland creatures whom they have met and befriended along the way. Vladimir Propp compared Baba Yagas role as mistress of the forest and its creatures to a parallel figure from the Indic Rig Veda: it is likely that Baba Yaga is a combination of numerous archetypes, incorporating elements of rulers of the forest and underworld mistresses in a single entity. Scholars of Slavic mythology have also linked her to the ancient Indo-European goddess of death. The forest of Baba Yaga symbolizes more than the forest; it is al so the otherworld, the land of the living dead, also known as the thrice-nine kingdom. The land of the truly dead, also known as the thrice-ten kingdom, is separate from her realm. Frequently, the boundary between the two lands is symbolized by a river of fire which she cannot cross though the hero or heroine often must and in those cases, Baba Yaga crosses the same bridge as the hero or heroine, only to have it break: she hurtles, not to her death, because she appears in other stories, but certainly out of the current story. When she does return, she is unchanged, indicating one of the fundamental beliefs of the Russian fairy tale: that while humanity may enact changes for the better, there will always be forces working against them. Baba Yaga utilizes the same basic beliefs of her personality made obvious in many traditional Russian stories: her hunger, her cunning, and her wickedness. When confronted with Tims assurance that his protector will find them, Baba Yagas reply is simply that Baba Yagas little house is in the heart of the wild forest. And it will not be found in the same place two days running à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Her emphasis upon heart serves to emphasize the ravenous nature of the running monologue concerning what it is that shes found Whats Baba Yaga found for herself? Is it a stew? Is it a roast? Is it blood pudding? Oh yes. All of them. Juicy and meaty and tender and sweet. When she speaks, in the traditional manner, of her anticipated feast, saying Ohh. Such feasting I will make. The grease will run down my chin, and I will crack your bones with my iron teeth to suck the marrow from within à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, the combined effect of text and illustration flawlessly demonstrates the unique appeal of the genre, culminating in a presentation of Baba Yaga that manages to convey her threat as few other works have done. Interestingly enough, the heroic character in the myth does not himself defeat Baba Yaga, pointing either to a remnant of the Comics Code or, more likely, to an ongoing immaturity in the character, requiring a longer story arc to resolve the situation properly. The method that he does choose to force her to surrender her claim has interesting repercussions, however: his Rose threatens Baba Yaga with the vocalization of her true name, a technique successful in other cultures, but not one used with any regularity in Russian lore. It implies a cross-cultural set of rules at play within this Otherworldly melting pot which is well worth considering. That assumption is supported by the precise wording of the threat: Rose asks Baba Yaga, Do you wish me to shout it now, so that all of the animals of the forest, all of the birds of the air, every passing nixie and boggart will know it? Despite the fact that the nixes and boggarts come from entirely different mythic systems, it is apparent tha t Baba Yaga does not: she surrenders her claim.

stephen crane :: essays research papers

Stephen Crane was a forerunner of the realistic writers in America after the civil war. His style included the use of impressionism, symbolism, and irony which helped credit him with starting the beginning of modern American Naturalism. Crane’s most famous writing is his war novel The Red Badge of Courage. He is also known for the novel Maggie: A Girl of the Streets and short stories such as â€Å"The Open Boat† or â€Å"The Blue Hotel.† â€Å"Crane utilized his keen observations, as well as personal experiences, to achieve a narrative vividness and sense of immediacy matched by few American writers before him (5). His unique style did not always follow a plot structure and focused on mental drama as well as external. Stephen Crane was born in Newark, New Jersey on November 1st of 1871. He was the youngest of fourteen children. His father was Reverend Jonathan Crane, a Methodist minister, and his mother Mary Crane was active in church reform. His uncle Jesse Peck was a Methodist bishop and the president of Syracuse University. Even with this religious influence Crane enjoyed playing cards, dancing, drinking, and smoking. â€Å"Crane shunned organized religion but did not reject so much as humanistically redefine God and religious experience† (14). In 1880 his father passed away and the family moved to Asbury Park, New Jersey. That is where Crane began his higher education at Claverack College and the Hudson River Institute. He began to develop an interest in Civil War studies and military training. Crane then went to Lafayette College for a semester followed by Syracuse University for another semester. To earn money he worked as a freelance writer for his brothers who worked at the New York Tribune. He spent most of his college time playing baseball and studying the humanity of people rather than school work. Before leaving college Crane wrote the foundation for his first novel Maggie. Working part time for the New York Tribune Crane gained first-hand knowledge of poverty during this time. He studied city life in the slums of New York and was able to realistically portray this in his writings. During this time he finished the novel Maggie: A Girl of the Streets which was about a young women’s descent into prostitution. The story was rejected by numerous editors as the felt it was too cruel and honest and would shock readers. Eventually he borrowed the money and had it printed under the alias Johnston Smith in 1893.

Marketing Research for Costa Cafe Essay

Costa Coffee is one of the most famous coffee chains in the UK. It was founded in 1971 in Italy by two Italian brothers: Sergio and Bruno Costa. Costa company which introduced the first Costa coffee shops in the UK in the early 1980`s, had as a main objective to create and serve the finest authentic Italian coffee. Costa became part of Whitbread PLC in 1995 and has followed an expansion program, so to become recognized nationally. Despite that figures, Costa faces some problems, related to their competitors. A recent survey conducted by Allegra Strategies indicated that Starbucks Coffee (one of the main competitors of Costa), has the highest consumer brand recognition of all the chains, being recognized by a staggering 77% of coffee shop visitors followed by Costa Coffee with 72%. Naturally the management of Costa is very concerned. As Marketing research agency, we are about to conduct a marketing research to identify who are the typical customers of coffee outlets and ascertain their needs, expectations and buying behaviour. The decision problem that Costa Coffee management is facing is why Costa is losing customers from its main competitors. An appropriate research design has been conducted. Justifications will be given in order to prove why specific approaches were used. Background research in order to fully understand the problem at hand has also been conducted. Furthermore, a questionnaire has been designed so as to help us identify the typical customers of branded coffee shops and view their opinions and perceptions concerning the coffee market. In addition to the questionnaire, an observation technique has been followed in order to have a better perspective of customers’ buying behaviour and compare the efficiency of different coffee shops. Moreover, in order to fully address the components of the research a focus group has been conducted as well. Research findings are properly analysed in the form of tables and charts and the results of observation and focus group have been clearly presented. According to our analysis Costa coffee is the second favourite coffee shop after Starbucks. The needs, expectations and buying behaviour of the typical branded coffee shops have been identified and presented properly. Therefore Costa coffee management team can use this data in order to make several conclusions and implement new strategies that will satisfy the needs and expectations of typical coffee customers and become the leading UK coffee shop as to attract as many typical Costa prides itself on providing a genuine Italian real coffee experience, particularly as real espresso coffee originated in Italy. Italian brothers Sergio and Bruno Costa established Costa in 1971.At that time they first started importing and roasting beans, which was long before the current growth in coffee bars. The brothers began roasting and grinding coffee for wholesale to the catering market. From the very beginning, Sergio and Bruno Costa insisted on slow roasting beans in a traditional Italian drum roaster to give a quality of coffee that is recognized by their customers as superior to others. Costa samples, tests and selects beans which have the best flavor characteristics, and which are suitable for their authentic style of roasting, whether as a single variety, or as part of their selected blends. As real coffee experts they have created their reputation from the expert blending of Arabica and Robusta coffee, which they import from Indonesia and Brazil. Only by the right blending can the Arabica beans be correctly balanced by Robusta beans to create a coffee with great aroma, body and golden cream. This unique combination of beans is the original Costa blend and is why coffee lovers always visit Costa stores. The recipe, acclaimed for producing great tasting coffee with a distinctively rich fragrance and taste, is their most prized secret. Beans from 6 specially selected Arabica varieties are combined with those from a single Robusta to create just the right amount of ‘edge’ for the perfect espresso. Costa Coffee Store Espresso is the authentic Italian Pick-me-up and from listening to lovers of real coffee, they tend to agree! The four factors that influence the making of the perfect espresso at Costa (4 Ms) are:  ·Miscela: The coffee blend  ·Macinatura: The grinding of coffee  ·Macchina: The use of the correct machine and equipment  ·Mano: The hand skills of the barista In addition they only slow roast beans, this process takes at least 18 minutes-far longer than is the case for the majority of roasters. Slow roasting provides a fuller flavor and significantly reduces the presence of harsh and bitter acids. The wide appreciation of their secret coffee blend led to the opening of the first coffee UK Costa stores in the early 1980’s. This promoted the popularity of coffee bean sales and revitalized the trend towards drinking authentic Italian espresso, cappuccino and other espresso based drinks. Many coffee companies specialize in only one element of the coffee supply chain. For example: importing only, roasting only, wholesaling or retailing only. At Costa, the coffee production process starts from the stage of importing  the beans, to taking control of the whole process to ensure that standards are applied at all stages. They import beans to their specification, roast beans in their own roaster to the highest standard, they create their own unique blends of the finest coffees, they package and distribute to their outlets to ensure the highest quality and freshest product. The aim is to create and serve the finest authentic Italian real coffee experience every time. When entering a Costa Store, with its Continental ambience, a coffee lover will not just be able to consume the finest cup of real coffee around, but will be able to buy all the necessary equipment and coffee products required to repeat the Costa experience at home. Costa is expanding, opening stores in many locations such as high streets, airports, railway stations, shopping centers, office developments and leisure complexes. The Costa Wholesale division is also expanding nationwide, promoting sales of roasted coffee and coffee equipment in hotels, restaurants, multiple catering outlets and supermarkets. Now Costa can be experienced by a greater number of people in more ways than ever before. Costa became part of Whitbread Plc in 1995 and immediately established Whitbread as the market leader in the premium coffee shop sector. Before Whitbread acquired the company, thus between 1978-1994 there were 41 Costa outlets selling coffee as well as coffee beans. The first store being established in Victoria station in London-where it still runs successfully keeping up to the traditional coffee preparation methods. Since then, Costa has embarked on a major expansion programme in support of its Mission†¦Ã¢â‚¬ To become recognized nationally as the people to come to for the best Real Coffee Experience†. The company’s four values encompass everything they believe, how they should behave and act:  ·Cuore-(Kwor-reh)-sharing a love for coffee, making and serving the best coffee in the world. The roasting and blending knowledge, the coffee making skills and the dedication to service.  ·Onore-(On-or-reh)-Individual responsibility and sense of personal duty. People who take pride in what they do, in being able to achieve sales and profit targets, maximizing the potential of available resources and maintaining an excellent standard of guest and customer service.  ·Eccellenza-(Etch-el-n-zah)-Making the perfect coffee every time. Costa’s skilled Baristas are trained to create a coffee masterpiece in every cap they serve, within a strong retail merchandise environment. Its due to this focus in training that Costa has become well known throughout the UK for a perfect coffee every time, with a stylish and contemporary Italian ambience.  ·Audacia-(Aw-dah-chee-a)-Being challenging and innovative. Taking initiative, tackling tough issues and looking at the business with a critical eye. Costa offers thoroughly rewarding and stimulating environment for people who have the ability to make things happen. 4 At the heart of Whitbread’s strategy is the drive to provide experience, which its customers enjoy, appreciate and consider good value for money. It is this strategy, which has taken the company from brewing, into pubs, pub food, restaurants, hotels, and Leisure and also into high street retailing. Some of Whitbread’s businesses include Bella pasta, Pizza Hut (UK) Ltd, TGI Fridays, The Dome, Cafe Rouge and David Lloyd Leisure. Recently, Whitbread Plc is stepping up the overseas expansion of its Costa coffee brand with plans to open at least 55 new stores across Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, and Bahrain5. At the time being, there are 265 stores worldwide including countries such as Dubai, Kuwait and Germany. Samuel Whitbread, a brewer, founded Whitbread Plc in 1742. It became a public company in 1948. Over the years, the company became a restaurateur, an hotelier and (in 1995) an operator of healthy and fitness clubs in addition to its original status of brewer and pub owner. At the turn of the millennium, Whitbread was the country’s leading restaurant operator, number one in budget hotels and sports, health and fitness, first in the pub  restaurant and a clear winner in high street coffee shops6. The UK is becoming a nation of coffee drinkers, with coffee overtaking tea as the most popular drink outside home.7 A decade or so ago an Englishman would have balked at the idea of sitting at a table in his free time with a coffee rather than a beer in his hand. Coffee was a work pick-me-up or a post-meal sober-me-up, its taste and aroma just trivial distractions.8 But times change. And as Britain has become more cosmopolitan, consumers have realised that coffee does get more sophisticated than a jar of Cafà © Hag and that sipping a cappuccino while chatting with friends does not make you weird. Or Italian.8 It is a fact that the UK branded coffee shop chain sector has evolved into a multi-million pound industry after experiencing explosive growth over the past 4-5 years.9 In March 2001 market research firm Mintel compiled Coffee Shops/ Bars, a snapshot of the branded coffee market.8 It estimated the market for branded coffee to be worth more than  £65million, a 16-fold increase on 1994.8 Moreover according to a management consultancy, Allegra Strategies, the branded coffee chain segment currently represents 20.5% of the total UK coffee shop market, and is forecasted to grow by a compound annual growth rate of 20.4%, from 1,532 units in June 2001 to 2,435 outlets by December 2003.9 High street coffee bars have sprung up with such voracity that there is now talk of over-saturation, particularly in the London area.8 With just one branded coffee bar per 65000 people the UK is still playing catch up with the US, where the penetration levels are one per 27000.10 Four operators who control 63% of the branded coffee shop market dominate the UK coffee scene.8 Whitbread-owned Costa Coffee with 300 sites and US giant Starbucks Coffee Company with 294 account for the lion’s share, outstripping Caffe Nero and Coffee Republic who have 107 and 85 outlets respectively.8 Furthermore, the fact that Starbucks now has sites in Sainsbury’s stores and Waterstones bookshops, while Costa Coffee can be found on Abbey National  premises, shows that the new coffee houses have been recognised by leading UK companies as adding value to the experience of visiting them.7 The competition is very high as coffee chains, like Costa coffee, Starbucks, Coffee Republic, Cafe Nero and Prà ªt a Manger struggle for the top. Costa coffee has been a victim of this hard competition and faces a number of problems. According to recent findings from a consumer research conducted by Allegra Strategies Ltd, Starbucks has the highest consumer brand recognition of all the chains, being recognized by a staggering 77% of coffee shop visitors followed by Costa Coffee with 72%.9 Naturally, the management of Costa Coffee is very concerned. Their decision problem is what must be done in order to serve more consumers with different segmentation criteria, so they can overcome their main competitors, and therefore become the number one branded coffee shop in the UK. 2.MARKETING RESEARCH QUESTION/ OBJECTIVE 2.1.Research Objective The main research objective is to identify who are the typical customers of coffee outlets and ascertain their needs, expectations and buying behaviour. 2.2.Component questions of this research:  ·What are the key demographics and psychographics of branded coffee shops customers in the major centres in UK?  ·What is customer’s opinion on various branded coffee shops? Has it changed throughout the years?  ·What are the main criteria people use to decide on which coffee shop to go?  ·What do customers look for and expect from a coffee shop?  ·Have customers habits changed towards coffee in the past and how? 2.3.Decision outcomes On completion of this research, Costa management will know the typical customers of coffee shops, their needs, expectations, buying behaviour and opinions towards various branded coffee shops. Based on the research findings Costa management can implement new strategies in order to gain more customers and therefore, overcome its competitors and take the lead of the branded coffee shop chain sector. 3.RESEARCH DESIGN The research project will be carried out in two main phases utilising both exploratory and descriptive research techniques. We will begin by using exploratory research techniques in order to conduct further background research, as well as gathering information for the research project as a whole. The key methods of exploratory research that we will use will be, conducting secondary research, observation and focus group. These techniques involve qualitative research methods as they rely on a great deal of interpretation by the researcher and also because they generally involve smaller non-representative samples. It is more the nature of how the research is gathered and interpreted than of size of the samples that make a study qualitative. The first phase of our research is exploratory in nature that will allow us to gain insights about the typical customers of coffee outlets, their needs, expectations and buying behaviour. This information will give us the opportunity to build a better questionnaire, one that respondents can understand. Secondary research will first be conducted to find background information from internal and external data in order to diagnose and understand more precisely the research problem and to formulate an appropriate research design. When the secondary sources of data fail to provide the information necessary to meet the research objectives, primary data is going to be gathered. Further an exploratory and qualitative research in the form of observation will be carried out. We want to understand coffee drinking behaviour and brand dynamics and the best thing to do is to get as close as possible to real behaviour as it happens. Observation will be carried out under normal conditions, in a controlled environment. Three or more different coffee shop chains will be subject to this technique. During this procedure we will observe coffee being ordered, served, consumed on its own with snacks or pastries, consumed in a group setting, with the mood and atmosphere changing, with different types of consumer drinking different brands. The queuing system, the hygiene of the coffee shop and employee’s actions will be also observed, so that we can get an overall picture of each coffee shop and point out its advantages and disadvantages. Within a full-scale project we would conduct three to six observations in different times of the day so an objective overall picture of each coffee shop will be formed instead of being judged by one observation only. In order to sufficiently address our component questions a focus group will also be conducted. The group will include a maximum of ten people excluding the moderator and observers. We feel that in a focus group â€Å"group members ‘feed’ off each other and creatively reveal ideas that the researcher may not have thought of or dared to tackle† . The focus group will be useful to us in finding out what the current customer’s attitudes and perceptions regarding coffee are, as well as their needs and expectations towards branded coffee shops in UK. Within a full-scale project we would used three  to five focus groups consisting of a maximum of ten people each simply because we would have no time restrictions, this would make the results from various focus groups a lot more reliable to interpret than having just one focus group to study. Once we have carried out exploratory research we will be in position to proceed with the descriptive research- using quantitative techniques-, which will help in formulating a decision for the research question. In order to get reliable information a survey questionnaire will be developed, † The questionnaire must motivate the respondent to cooperate, become involved, and provide complete, honest and accurate answers† . We will use questionnaires consisting of around eighteen questions each and will be given out to 30 coffee drinkers divided into 15 male and 15 female, who visit branded coffee shops in London. This research will be conducted outside Brent Cross shopping mall, Middlesex University and among friends, family and work colleagues. This form of quantitative research will give us a more refined response and allow us to make resource allocation decisions, because we talk to more people who represent a larger portion of the target population, making our research more reliable. This technique will also augment the observation and focus group results and provide primary information about the purposes of research. The population group for our research is defined as UK male and female coffee drinkers, who have been to coffee shop chains within the past three months. The element for this population will be men and women coffee drinkers aged between 17-75. The extent of the population will be all coffee shop customers within London. Finally the time frame will be within the past three months. For this research project we will use a non-probability sampling method as we do not have a complete list of our population, and therefore clearly understand that we risk not having a representative sample. The sampling  technique that we will use will be that of quota sampling, a non-probability sampling procedure that ensures that various subgroups of a population will be represented on pertinent characteristics to the exact extent that the investigator desires. Ideally our sample size should be determined statistically -probably 1000-, but our restrains will limit us to only 30 branded coffee shop customers . Within a full-scale project sample size should be determined by statistics, according to the market’s current situation. Even though we will carry out the research face to face the research administration method we would have used if this were a full scale survey would have been Mail surveys, simply because mail surveying remains a popular data collection technique in commercial marketing research. In fact, more and more people participate in mail surveys than any other type of survey research . On first consideration, mail appears to be an attractive way to collect data. There are no interviews to recruit, train, monitor and pay. The entire study can be sent out and administered from a single location. Hard to reach respondents can be easily surveyed and can fill out the questionnaires in their spare time and wherever they like, whether they are at work or in the comfort of their own home. Mail surveys appear to be convenient, efficient and inexpensive. Like self-administrated questionnaires, mail surveys encounter problems with not having an interviewer present. In particular, no one is there to probe responses to open-ended questions, a real constrain on the types of information that can be sought. However probing responses to open-ended questions will hopefully not be much of a problem for our questionnaire, as it only consists of one open- ended question. Response rates in mail surveys may run anywhere from less than 5% to more than 50%, depending on the length of the questionnaire, its content, the groups surveyed, the incentives employed, and other factors. Those who operate mail panels claim that response rate in the vicinity of 70%4. Response rates can be enhance by implementing strategies such as advance postcard or telephone call alerting respondent to survey, premiums such as  pencil, pen, key chain, coffee mugs etc, self-addresses stamped return envelope, personalised address and well written and personally signed cover letter, and drawings or prizes. Finally once we have gathered our data, we will then be in position to analyse the expectations, needs and buying behaviour of the typical coffee shop customers and make suitable recommendations to Costa Coffee management group as to how it can improve its outlets in order to gain a competitive advantage and become the number one branded coffee shop in the UK.