An Ineffective Civil Disobedience - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 753 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/05 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Civil Disobedience Essay Did you like this example? Civil disobedience is the refusal to observe specific laws and is a peaceful way of protest. Throughout history, civil disobedience has been utilized as a way to protest against unjust and biased laws, examples of these peaceful protests are sit ins, marches, and hunger strikes. Civil disobedience is an effective way for there to be change in laws and ways of life. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Ineffective Civil Disobedience" essay for you Create order Minority groups of citizens in the United States have fought for voting rights since the formation of the country in 1776. In 1872, Susan B. Anthony, a well-known leader for womens suffrage, voted in the presidential election which was illegal at the time. She later said, I not only committed no crime, but, instead, simply exercise my citizens rights, guaranteed to me and all United States citizens by the National Constitution beyond the power of any state to deny (Anthony 182). Anthony explained in her speech that she had voted but was doing what she believed should be guaranteed for every citizen. Because of simple acts of civil disobedience, such as Anthony voting, women were officially allowed to vote in the United States in 1920. Voting equality was not completely resolved in 1920, but it was the beginning for a new wave of supporters for other minority groups, such as African Americans. On March 7, 1965, Alabama state troopers attacked a group of peaceful protestors a part of a Selma to Montgomery march that was for voting rights with nightsticks, tear gas and whips. This act of civil disobedience was met with a horrible outcome but made major strides in achieving equal voting rights. On August 6, 1965, the voting rights act of 1965 was passed which enforced the outlaw of biased and unfair voting practices that had been adopted in several southern states after the Civil War which further proves the power of peaceful civil disobedience. Previous to the voting rights act of 1965, African Americans had also fought the United States laws of segregation for years.In early United States history, African Americans had significantly fewer, even close to zero, rights compared to that of a white, male landowner. Over time, the government gave more rights to African Americans and other minority groups. In the 20th century, Martin Luther King Jr. led marches and protest as an act of civil disobedience to fight against segregation of public areas. On August 23, 1963, the March on Washington occurred to advocate for civil and economic rights for African Americ ans. This act of civil disobedience had roughly 200,000 to 300,000 participants and helped further the pressure and demand to increase rights to minorities. Sit-ins were another form of protest that was carried out, the Greensboro sit-in as one of the first major sit-ins and began in 1960. In Greensboro, North Carolina, a group of African-American students arranged a sit-in located in a segregated Woolworths lunch counter. When denied service, the students refused to leave and although many of these protesters and protesters in areas where the idea of sit-ins spread were arrested for trespassing or disturbing the peace, the effect of their actions would lead to establishments changing policies. Some may argue that civil disobedience is not effective in changing laws that are labeled as unjust by a group. On February 14, 2018, there was a mass school shooting that occurred at Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, which ended with the death of 17 students and staff members. Aro und the United States, high schools and middle schools organized walk outs during class hours to protest against gun violence and gun laws. The walk outs were a peaceful way to convey the thoughts and prayers sent by these participants and fight against gun restrictions and laws that are in place. One may say that although many were involved in this act of civil disobedience, there have been no major or effective changes in state or federal laws. Another example of an ineffective civil disobedience occurrence was with the occupy movement in 2011. The occupy movement was carried out by groups who camped out in cities and rallied in parks to protest against social and economic inequality. Gandhi, an activist from India, once said, No country has ever become, or will ever become, happy through victory in war (Gandhi 176). Gandhi states that no violence will lead to a better solution, but a peaceful movement will have more of an effect. The occupy movement was peaceful and gained media acknowledgment but was unable to fix any laws or stipulations. The peaceful protest of groups going to the streets did not help any problem but only improved the already large awareness of economic problems.

What Drives Adolescents to Join a Gang - 683 Words

Negative Effects in Joining a Gang and Their Mind Mentality Parents want the best for their children. They try their best to keep them happy. However they tend to lose their children to the streets and the gangs. Why adolescences join these gangs should not be the question. There are many reasons why they join. Some reasons could be the absence of a parent, whether it is the mother or father. Lack of discipline or their parent’s could be a drug abuser. What motivates an adolescence to desire and acquire gang membership, is the key question. Counselors, jail officers, or a gang task team who have work with these youths on the field, and have gained their trust have heard the answer to this question. Kenneth Thompson a former blood gang member said that â€Å"Teenagers these days join gangs or make a team, for the purpose of safety, friendship, status, recognition, curiosity, excitement, money, out of a sense of tradition due to generational commitment (a family member was once a gang banger), peer pressure and drug abuse.† We als o went on to say that â€Å"Back in his time, that it was different, we didn’t go just picking on people. If you mess with one of our members, than we’re coming for you.† Therefore, belonging to a gang gives them a sense of power and control over a specific geographic area, a certain group of people and even their own lives. Feeling wanted and loved, or even giving and receiving love are essential expressions for a gang member, as well as for everyone inShow MoreRelatedGang Violence Essay1599 Words   |  7 PagesGang Violence Did you know that gang violence affects our world today? In this century we’re experiencing more gang related crimes ever than before. 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From the authors De La Rue, Espelage research they estimate that female gang membership is anywhere from 10 to 35% of the total gang population (De La Rue, Espelage 2014 pg. 1). There are many pieces that drive females to join the gang lifestyle. There are t hree major causes that drive females to gang involvement; family influences, relationship drives, and prior victimizationRead MoreNot All Street Gangs Were Formed For Ill Doing1745 Words   |  7 PagesNot all street gangs were formed for ill doing. Many people might think down on the creation of gangs but it is a part of survival in their region. Street gangs, which pull peers into gangs for protection and social status, assemble to protect their neighborhood, family and friends from other street gangs thus causing rising crime rate and innocent people dying because of this. 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Role of Supply Chain Management for Orbitz Company- myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theRole of Supply Chain Management for Orbitz Company. Answer: Introduction This report includes the understanding of the role of supply chain management in the Orbitz tourism company which is selling their services online throughout the world. Orbitz provides the users to quickly tap on the book now button for booking the flight. Through this website user can customize and select the booking date, departure, flight class, number of stops, etc. This online website uses different filters which provide the users the flexibility in looking for the date and better cost. This assignment is written to analyze and identify the logistics and supply chain management of the Orbitz tourism website. This report also includes the study of strategic resources and operations management and the tangible assets of the Orbitz tourism company. The issues related to the value chain are also addressed in this report followed with solutions to achieve the outcomes from the strategies involved in improving the customer base. The fundamentals of managing the operations and defining the integrations between the logistics for both inbound as well as outbound operations are also addressed in this assignment (Lu, 2011). Supply chain management of Orbitz Tourism Company Due to the emergence of Information Technology and significantly improve on the living standards of the people; there is an environment for the growth of the Tourism Company in the global market. The growth of the Orbitz Tourism Company can easily be recognizable from the growth prospective due to the impact of Global market. Companies apply the strategies to increase the growth opportunities by stretching into the market through social media marketing, newspapers, movies, TVS, etc., which play a significant role in the growth of the Orbits Tourism Company all over the world. Orbitz Tourism Company aimed at getting the opportunities by analyzing the target market in terms of population, growth, economy, demographics, and where the companies can get the resources at a cheaper rate to lower the overall cost of supply chain management (Odoom, 2012). There are few key characteristics that the touring company should analyze before direct implementing the strategies to the Global market. These characteristics are categorized as: Border-less: International markets are open for the implementation of the marketing, delivering, manufacturing, in terms of supply chain management. The strategy used for increasing the growth of the Orbitz Tourism Company in the Global market has been demonstrated through the position of competitive brands, business alliances, financing, services, etc. Cyber-connected: Global market binds together the growing organizations in the world to that extent that there is no independent search and cluster market in the local areas. That is, the global market is potentially growing and expanding the international supply chains, but there is a need of securing the network using the cyber security so that the company can transfer the large amount of confidential information throughout the world quickly and efficiently without any loss of data (Font Tapper, 2008). Deregulated: Barriers in the Global market has been domineered due to the creations of open trade markets or free a market which helps the companies to grow in the international market. The role of de-regulated helps in removing the laws or protocols or helps in simplifying the global forces in the market. Deregulation also helps in disintegrating the control of government over organizational growth in the regions of global market. Environmental consciousness: The movement of the business organizations towards the Global market also have been improved the environmental conditions or saving the nature by going green and applying the strategies which plays an important role in maintaining the eco -friendly business. The reduction in the use of paperworkhas proved to be a proper implementation and integration of the Environmental Protection Act. The carbon footprint from the past few decades has also been considered as a better performance measure of the Global supply chain management. Social media: Social media are considered to be a primary key factor in implementing the decision-making strategies and to secure the position in the local as well as international market. The growth of customer base can easily be created by making customers aware about the brand on the Internet. This also helps to increase the acceptance of brand in the international market while creating awareness in the form of multilingual,and establishing the authorities to make customer contact with the Tourism company to ask their queries (Vongsaroj, 2013). The company also handles the inbound and outbound logistics with responsibility. The details of both operations is as follows: The inbound logistics including handling the calls, emails of their customers to support them with the queries and sorting them out.This also includes the booking of the flights, handling any transactional issues, etc. While, the outbound logistics deals with approaching to the existing or potential customers to promote the package offers, deal with the hospitality industries for the bookings, or calling the customer to get the feedback of the services provided by them, etc. Issues with the Orbitz supply chain management Due to the changes in the global environment, there is a need of understanding the challenges that the tourism companies can face. Following are the few strategic challenges which can have an impact on the tourism company for the long term are: Market Dimension: The demand of the customers is totally unpredictable in case of international marketing. In the recent study it has been analyzed that there is a significant decrease in the loyalty of the customers over the last decade because of the use of latest technologies using mobile phone and other internet technologies which helps the user to switch to the other brand depending upon the promotions and offers the different company of the same verticals offers (Bala, 2014). There are many companies which follow the price skimming strategies to market their brand in the international market, which creates a problem in the tourism Company to identify the unexpected changes of the demand of the customer in the international market. Demographics: Change in the lifestyle of the people modified the way in which the people plan the trip and travel. In the survey, it has been noted that approximately $ 700 billion were spent in the year 2006 in the US by the people in the age group of 16 to 25 who stay longer and spend more time visiting new places and explore their travel experience. Thus, there are fewer chances to get the profit margins from the other age groups. Technology dimensions: The key impact of technology on the online tourism industry is further divided into three challenges which are categorized as laid-time challenge, disruptive power challenging and the supply chain network challenges. In the lead-time challenge the brand companies create a customer loyalty to such an extent that it is difficult to that is for the new online tourism companies to overtake that already existing tourism. The destructive power is appreciating or analyzing the challenges in the technologies which may or not limited to the feature of customer support. In the supply chain network challenge, it is observed that if the profit margins of the companies are low, the users opt for the tourism companies already in the market rather than taking the risk on the new technologies (Jones Herbert, 2009). Resource allocation: The companies expanding supply chain management around the world,are mostly using the internal resources which help them to market their business in the biggest market in terms of quality, variety, etc. and at a competitive price. The long term and short term impacts of hiring the resources for outsourcing are unknown and are difficult to understand. Thus, it is a challenge in a global supply chain management. Time Allocation: The difference in the time zone creates a break in the management of the supplies. This is the measure of the operational fixation of the issues faced by the customers and the time taken by the tour company to revert back to those issues using the mail system or the ticketing system. This adds a great value to the satisfaction of the customers, thereby reducing the cost and improving the efficiency and productivity. Time dimension would be great challenge when it comes to the inability of the touring company to facilitate Logistics and other in that particular country due to the time-zone difference (Nigam Srivastava, 2011). Tangible assets of the Orbitz: Orbitz is a leading global organization with approximately 100000 hotels with the target market in approx 179 countries and 10000 cities worldwide. The Orbitz tourism company provides the users to book faster their trips using several search features. The other asset of the orbitz tourism company is the acquirement of the Travelocity partner network, which provides the solutions to the customers. Orbitz also comes up with the smart app which saves the password with the highest security. The Orbitz tourism industry provides the flexibility and the latest technology solutions with 24/7 support to the customers from the highly skilled professionals so that they can travel with an ease and care from the in-house employees of the Orbitz tourism organization. Orbitsz also provides the users the thousand of offers that helps the customers save the money. Orbitz also take care of the alerts for the delays in the flight, any change in the gate, cancellations, and promotion related information (Schaal, 2014). The goal of orbitz is to provide the customers an easy and efficient way to book the flight. Orbitz Worldwide is an essential global online tourism company using the new and advanced technologies to revolutionize the way in which customers around the world plan and purchase travel. Harmonizing the value chain to achieve strategic outcomes Harmonizing or collaborating in supply chain management is defined as approaches to work together to achieve a combined goal. The collaboration is important in the process of supply chain management approaches because of the following reasons: Sharing resources: In this the resources are shared between the two organizations (Orbitsz and Travelocity partner network) which help to reduce the unnecessary resource cost. Achieve synergy: Interaction of two or more organizations which work together to produce a combined effect resulting in the increased output. This is creating a different value of the tourism company which cannot be achieved individually. This also helps in analyzing the Risk Sharing: This helps to mitigate the risks for both the organizations (to which Orbits has been collaborated- Travelocity partner network) the negative impact produced from the results of the outcomes from the potential customers can be borne by both the organizations, thereby reducing the loss on one organization (Nigam Srivastava, 2011). Innovation: This helps the organizations to develop the new and creative ideas to increase the customer base. This can be done by the research and development team of both the organizations by analyzing the current scenario of the market, customer demands, motivating all age groups to travel, promotions, and offers. The new innovative ideas are implemented in the market, taking into consideration the competitive areas of the particular organization (Foundations of Success, 2007). The collaboration of a Orbitz tourism company with the Travelocity partner network resulted in the increase in the overall annual revenue of the company. It has been revealed in the news that there is an increase of approximately 10% of the overall total revenue alone and approximately 7.01 per cent of the revenue growth was made possible due to the harmonization or the collaboration of the company with the Travelocity Partner network Conclusion This business report has been prepared to get an understanding of the role of supply chain management in the Orbitz tourism company and the key characteristics that can be implemented improve the supply chain management in the Global market. This report has been prepared to draft the issues related to the supply chain management in terms of market and techonology dimensions, demographics and allocation of time and resources. The tangible assets of the Orbitz tourism company are also addressed, which defines the goals and objectives of the company including the procedure of their plans of achieving the particular goals. This report also scrutinize the strategies the Orbitz company to harmonize the value chain of the supply chain management. The fundamentals of managing the operations and defining the integrations between the logistics of both inbound as well as outbound operations have also been addressed in this assignment. References Bala, K. (2014). Supply Chain Management: Some Issues and Challenges - A Review. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 1-8. Retrieved from https://inpressco.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Paper90946-9531.pdf Font, X., Tapper, R. (2008). Sustainable Supply Chain Management in Tourism. Retrieved from https://www.icrtourism.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Sustainable-Supply-Chain1.pdf Foundations of Success. (2007). Using Results Chains to Improve Strategy Effectiveness. Retrieved from https://www.fosonline.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/FOS_Results_Chain_Guide_2007-05.pdf Jones, P., Herbert, D. (2009, October). Impact of the Global Recession on the Hospitality and Tourism Industry. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 9(4). Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1057/thr.2009.20 Lu, D. (2011). Fundamentals of supply chain-management. Retrieved from https://library.ku.ac.ke/wp-content/downloads/2011/08/Bookboon/Magement%20andOrganisation/fundamentals-of-supply-chain-management.pdf Nigam, V., Srivastava, S. (2011). Impact of recession on tourism industry. IJEMS journal, 2(2), 71-80. Retrieved from https://www.scienceandnature.org/IJEMS-Vol2(2)-Apr2011/IJEMS_V2(2)2.pdf Odoom, C. (2012). Logistics and Supply Chain Management in the Hotel Industry: Impact on Hotel Performance In Service Delivery. Retrieved from https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2343context=thesesdissertations Schaal, D. (2014, February). Orbitz Worldwide Acquires Travelocity Affiliate Network. Retrieved from https://skift.com/2014/02/28/orbitz-worldwide-acquires-travelocity-affiliate-network/ Vongsaroj, R. (2013). Sustainable tourism supply chain management of tour operator and its deteminants: a case of thailand. Retrieved from https://ibac-conference.org/ISS%20%20MLB%202013/Papers/MLB%202013/4030..docx.pdf

PERAN DOKTER HEWAN DALAM KEHIDUPAN DI ALAM LIAR DA Essays

PERAN DOKTER HEWAN DALAM KEHIDUPAN DI ALAM LIAR DAN DALAM KESEHATAN EKOSISTEM UTS PENGHAYATAN PROFESI DOKTER HEWAN 1634490318770 DISUSUN OLEH: NAMA: CHRISTIAN HADI ASMORO NPM: 130210170023 PRODI: KEDOKTERAN HEWAN FAKULTAS: KEDOKTERAN UNIVERTITAS PADJAJARAN TAHUN 2017 BAB I PENDAHULUAN LATAR BELAKANG Semua bentuk kehidupan biotik seperti manusia, ssatwa , tumbuhan, dan bahkan mikroba saling memiliki keterkaitan dengan lingkungan abiotik di dalam sistem ekologi. Spesies satwa liar dalam sistem tersebut memiliki nilai intrinsik tersendiri namun tetap terhubung dengan kesehatan dan kesejahteraan manusia. Dengan demikian, usaha untuk menjaga ekosistem yang mendukung kehidupan satwa liar tersebut menjadi tanggung jawab masyarakat baik pada lingkungan sekitar, maupun pada cakupan yang lebih luas lagi. Kurangnya veteriner yang ahli untuk mengatasi kesehatan satwa liar dan kerusakan ekosistem dapat mengakibatkan penurunan jumlah satwa secara signifikan dan kepunahan spesies hewan yang belum terjadi sebelumnya (Wilcove and Master, 2005) , meningkatnya permasalahan pada satwa liar dan penyakit zoonosis (Daszak et al., 2000; Jones et. al., 2008) , dan dampak dari pencemaran lingkungan seperti merkuri (Pacyna et al., 2006) , racun berbahaya dari alga y ang mekar (Anderson et al., 2002) , gangguan endokrin (Blazer et al., 2007; Guillette, 2006; Ross, 2005) , dan karsinogen (Martineau et al., 2002) . Bahaya ini tentu saja akan mempengaruhi makhluk hidup, terutama manusia dan hewan. Menyebabkan berkurangnya sumber makanan, epidemi penyakit menular, gangguan dalam perkembangan seksual, kelainan tiroid, gangguan saraf, kerusakan hati dan organ lainnya, seperti kanker, dan tekanan psikologis. Paparan secara tidak langsung dapat terjadi melalui bahan konsumsinya, seperti ikan dan kerang, dimana bahan kimia yang berbahaya dan bersifat patogen dapat menumpuk. TUJUAN PENULISAN Mengetahui Hubungan Antara Manusia - Hewan - Ekosistem Mengetahui Peran Dokter Hewan dalam Kesehatan Satwa Liar dan Ekosistem Mengetahui Peran Dokter Hewan dalam Kesehatan Populasi Satwa Liar Mengetahui Peran Dokter Hewan dalam Organisasi Non-Pemerintah Mengetahui Keanggotaan Dokter Hewan dalam Asosiasi Margasatwa Mengetahui Peran Dokter Hewan dalam Perawatan Hewan di Kebun Binatang Mengetahui Peran Dokter Hewan yang Bekerja di Kebun Binatang dan Aquarium Mengetahui Keanggotaan Dokter Hewan Kebun Binatang di Asosiasi Margasatwa Mengetahui Peran Dokter Hewan di Ekosistem Laut dan Mamalia Laut Mengetahui Keanggotaan Dokter Hewan di Asosiasi Internasioal untuk Hewan Air Mengetahui Peran Dokter Hewan dalam Rehabilitasi Satwa Liar Mengetahui Peran Dokter Hewan dalam Toksikologi Lingkungan, Margasatwa, dan Ekologis BAB II ISI Hubungan antara manusia - hewan - ekosistem Jika kita meninjau ke Amerika Serikat, kita dapat menyimpulkan bahwa jumlah orang amerika yang hidupnya berfokus pada bidang satwa liar dan jumlah sektor swasta yang terkait hal tersebut sangat luar biasa. Pada tahun 2006 saja, sudah lebih dari 87 juta orang Amerika yang berusia 16 tahun keatas sangat menikmati bentuk rekreasi yang berhubungan dengan satwa liar. Dan menghabiskan $122 miliar, sekitar 1% dari produk domestik bruto (PDB) A.S. (FWS, 2007). Kegiatan ekonomi ini bergantung pada melimpahnya satwa liar yang sehat, yang indah untuk disaksikan, dan ikan yang melimpah serta aman untuk dikonsumsi manusia. Menyadari dan menghindari dampak utama faktor penyebab melemahnya kesehatan dan reproduksi hewan di alam liar merupakan tanggung jawab utama bagi dokter hewan ekologis. Tantangan yang signifikan dan tidak diimbangi dengan jumlah dokter hewan yang memadai masih menjadi hambatan. Di Amerika Serikat, banyak spesies invertebrata, ikan, amfibi, burung, dan mamalia yang t erancam punah. Jika pengelolaan satwa liar tidak segera membaik, tempat rekreasi beserta manfaat ekonomi nya pun akan mengalami penurunan. Sebagai kelompok hewan yang dapat bebas bergerak, satwa liar pun dapat membawa penyakit ke dan dari hewan peliharaan serta manusia. Contohnya seperti penyakit influenza yang seringkali muncul pada burung liar dan menginfeksi unggas domestik, babi, dan spesies lainnya. Brucellosis yang berasal dari ternak sekarang ditemukan di rusa dan banteng. Penyakit satwa liar seperti virus west nile, penyakit lyme, dan infeksi hantavirus juga dapat menjadi ancaman bagi kesehatan manusia. Dalam beberapa kasus, satwa liar dan penyakit yang mereka bawa berhubungan dengan manusia dan hewan peliharaan karena habitat satwa yang menyusut atau terdegradasi, yang kemudian akan menghasilkan peningkatan wabah penyakit yang merusak populasi satwa liar dan keberlanjutan. Pengenalan spesies eksotis juga membawa penyakit baru ke satwa liar,seperti pada kasus infeksi jamur chytrid yang telah membnug katak. Oleh karena itu, petugas kesehatannya harus memiliki kunci dalam membatasi risiko penyakit tersebu t melalui survey, diagnosis, dan penerapan tindakan pengendalian. Keahlian dokter hewan dalam kesehatan satwa liar dan ekosistem sangat penting untuk melakukan kegiatan eksplorasi yang efisien

Dispositive

Dispositive Dispositive Dispositive By Maeve Maddox This use of the word dispositive in a letter to the editor in my morning paper left me puzzled: Religious dogma and scripture tend to be grab-bags out of which all kinds of often-contradictory points can be made by [whoever] wants to reach in, and who is to say which of them is dispositive? I think I know what the letter-writer meant by dispositive, but I can’t help wondering why he didn’t use a more familiar word when addressing a general audience. Dispositive as an adjective signifies the quality of â€Å"directing, controlling, or disposing of something.† In Scottish law, a â€Å"dispositive clause† is the clause of conveyance in a deed, by which the disposition of the property is expressed. In US law, a â€Å"dispositive motion† is a motion asking a for court order that entirely disposes of one or more claims in favor of the moving party without need for further court proceedings. A dispositive motion does not necessarily seek to dispose of the entire lawsuit. The most common types of dispositive motions are the motion to dismiss and the motion for summary judgment. A dispositive motion may also be used to request that an indictment be dismissed or quashed, or for judgment on pleadings. (uslegal.com) French philosopher Michel Foucault used dispositive (dispositif) as a noun to refer to â€Å"the various institutional, physical, and administrative mechanisms and knowledge structures which enhance and maintain the exercise of power within the social body.† A Google search brings up about 2,210,000 results for â€Å"dispositive.† Here is a sampling of usage: A variety of factors will inform each stage of our inquiry; the factors that we consider today do not constitute an exhaustive list of factors relevant to the mainstreaming issue. Moreover, no single factor is dispositive in all cases. Though the speech at issue concerned the subject matter of his employment, and was expressed within his office rather than publicly, the Court did not consider either fact dispositive, and noted that employees in either context may receive First Amendment protection.   The Chinese middle class, I argue, is a  dispositive  class.   To grasp the true character of this  dispositive  (theoretical fragments focused on the formulation of a  political  problem) and its effects, we must jump a step. Historicizing Security Entering the Conspiracy Dispositive The  Bible, and only the  Bible, is dispositive  for all Christians. If one cannot in a dispositive way show the non-existence of god, what does the atheists’ position mean? Dispositive is a useful and meaningful term in specialized contexts, but it seems to me that some speakers may be using dispositive when all they mean is authoritative or conclusive. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund PhrasesEmail EtiquetteComma After Introductory Phrases

6 Steps to Compose a Professional Masters Research Proposal

6 Steps to Compose a Professional Masters Research Proposal 6 Steps to Compose a Professional Masters Research Proposal If you have completed your undergraduate studies, and you are interested in undertaking further studies to advance your academic career and qualifications, then the next stage of your assessment may include a master’s research proposal. What Is a Master’s Research Proposal? A master’s research proposal aims to demonstrate that you have identified a research subject that is worthy of investigation and study. It is also essential that you demonstrate that the research subject that you are considering is something that is manageable within the timescale that you would have available. The criteria that you need to consider is that your proposed research project would make a significant contribution to the understanding of that subject or the field in which you are studying. In this article, we will walk through some of the key elements that you need to include or consider in your master’s research proposal. Step 1 Title While at this stage of the process, the title that you give your research proposal is provisional only, it is important that you are clear and concise in your title, make sure that the reader can immediately understand the subject that you are proposing to study. Step 2 Introduction In the introduction, you should immediately highlight the questions that are central to the research that you are proposing. You need to be able to articulate the contribution that your research will make to the chosen field of study. Step 3 Background In this ‘background’ section, you are essentially taking the questions that you identified in your introduction and expanding on them, giving more depth and context. Try and set out your research questions in as much detail as possible. Explain to the reader the specific areas that are going to be exploring and why it is important that these areas are explored. Reinforce the contribution that this research will make to your academic discipline. Step 4 Research In this section, you need to set out the research methods that you will be using in this piece of work. Detail the sources that you intend to use, detail the analysis that you will need to complete. Also, make it clear where you are going to access the information that you need. Ensure that you are able to explain how this research is going to help you answer the research questions that you have identified in the introduction. Step 5 Schedule This part of your paper is particularly important for demonstrating that you have considered whether this project is manageable within the time period that you have available. This type of masters research is expected to take three or four years. Map out the work involved and demonstrate how you will be able to deliver your research within the time available. Step 6 Bibliography Any reference points that you have used in this proposal need to be properly documented in the bibliography part. This is the basic academic practice. Use a standard bibliography format that is accepted by your academic institution. A successful Master’s research proposal is an important step when taking your academic studies to the next level. Make sure that you consider all of the different requirements and give yourself the best chance for success.

Online Learning in Early Childhood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Online Learning in Early Childhood - Essay Example Online learning has several advantages. Early childhood professionals prefer online learning because it enables them to take their studies at their own time and their own place . Olsen et al. (2010) explain further that learners are not restricted of time and place, so they can study at free will. This makes them even reduce their cost of learning that are related to travel and time as well. It also gives the childhood professional an opportunity to engage other students, tutors, and scholars in other parts of the world in discussions and idea sharing. Pohio & Lee (2012) confirms that the online learning gives early childhood educators an opportunity to collaborate with others, forming a community and a link with other learners and discussing in forums hence promoting diversity. For online learning to be successful in the early childhood sector, there are certain factors that are very important that needs to be considered. The absence of these factors becomes the barrier to this mode of learning due to challenges involved. Stone-MacDonald & Douglass, (2015) explains that majority of early childhood professionals are not computer literate and, therefore, it deprive them the opportunity to learn especially when it involves sophisticated technology . Stone-MacDonald & Douglass explains further that even though online learning tends to cut some expenses, it is still considered expensive as compared to other learning modes. This is because certain expenses are involved such as purchasing the electronics and the internet fee.

Death of a Salesman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Death of a Salesman - Essay Example ican Dream† of making a safe and secure life for oneself through sheer dint of hard work and the consequent failure of the dream is at the heart of Arthur Miller’s â€Å"Death of a Salesman†. Some of the plays important characters are Willy Loman, the protagonist who is an aging salesman. His wife Linda is a loyal and devoted housewife. They have two sons namely Biff who is elder and Happy who is the younger of the two. Both the brothers are very unlike each other in many ways and we are going to investigate these characters by comparing and contrasting them. Though Linda knows Willy’s faults yet she tries her best to stand by him. Speaking of her husband she says, Hes not the finest character that ever lived. But hes a human being, and a terrible thing is happening to him. (Linda Loman, Act 1) Biff is Willy’s elder son who is a 34 year old reckless and irresponsible person who finds it extremely hard trying to hold on to a job for a reasonable period of time. He is like the typical â€Å"rolling stone gathers no moss† type and this exasperates Willy his father who tries his best to make something of him, but to no avail. Happy who is Biff’s younger brother, is 32 years of age and is the opposite of Biff where jobs are concerned. He has a steady job and works on a steady and regular basis. However, unlike his brother Biff he does not have enough courage to take risks to improve his present status. He prefers to go on in the same way as when he started without making changes to better himself. Willy is quite envious of his successful businessman neighbor Charley who is a constant reminder of all that Willy is not. Moreover, Charley’s son Bernard was a very hardworking, intelligent and very successful person which proved to be Willy’s sore point because his son Biff Loman was no where near to him. In this context Willy once passed snide remarks saying – â€Å"Bernard is liked, but not well liked† showing his envious attitude. (Biff Loman, Act 1) Biff

Time management Essay Example for Free

Time management Essay In this paper we are going to discuss the effects of time management and how it can help you in your daily activities. Time management is very important in many aspects of our lives whether it’s doing schoolwork, getting ready for work, or getting the kids ready for their sporting events. As one can see time management has many different effects on our lives, both as adults and as an adolescent. Therefore, using time management in our daily lives helps us every day and one will see the effects that it has on us even if we don’t know how to manage our time efficiently and effortlessly. Time management can be used in many different ways throughout the day. When managing our time during the day, often people will try to keep you from finishing your duties in a timely manner. However, discussing time management one will see how it will help them in many of their daily activities and the effects that it has. Time Management affects us in many ways throughout our daily lives. Sometimes time management can affect us by people stopping us on the way to work, while we are on a phone call, or even that last minute thing that has to be done before we can leave. We have to manage our time daily, such as when we first wake up for the day, to start getting ready for work or even to get our day started. Managing our time effectively during the day is a soft skill that not many people have and are able to us effectively. It is often said that study has shown that self-management in the setting of adolescents with disabilities showed that there were many variations among these people(DiPipi-Hoy, Caroline; Jitendra, Asha K; Kern, Lee pgs. 145-159). However, time management and self-management affects those with disabilities and it also affects those that don’t have any disabilities. Most of us have problems with time management, whereas with others it comes fairly easy because they have things written down on calendars, daily planners or even have reminders stored in their phones. In today’s society it is hard to manage our time wisely and efficiently because there are many daily activities that are going on throughout the day that affects them from managing their time appropriately. However, those with certain disabilities find it harder to manage their time better than others. In 2004 there was a mandated Individuals with Disabilities Act, which required schools to include transition goals in what is called an Individualized Education Program by the age of 16(DiPipi-Hoy, Caroline; Jitendra, Asha K; Kern, Lee pgs145-159). Time management affects many different people in many different ways daily, because they are not able to break things down so that they can get the things done that they need to do and be able to do them in a timely manner. With today’s society it is harder to manage our time efficiently because throughout the day we have many things that go on. Time Management can help us in many different ways throughout our daily activities. Time manage is a soft skill that we obtain throughout our lifetime, it helps us as individuals mange what and how we do things during the day. Although, while using it one can see that he or she doesn’t have enough time in one day to get everything done at one time. However, to manage our time as individuals, we would need to break up our daily activities into many smaller time frames throughout the day so that we are able to complete them in a timely manner. What one will see is that time management is not only a soft skill it is also a hard skill that they learn over the duration of their lifetime. When one uses this skill, he or she will see that it often harder at times to make time during the day, to do everything they have to do, and that is why scheduling things around certain times of the day are needed and give it will give you a time frame to get it done. I chose this topic of time management to show the effects of time management and how it will help us in our daily lives. I often find myself running low on time during the day, so what I do is I use a schedule book and reminders to remind myself what I have got to get done and give myself a allotted time to get it done and then I will move onto the next thing. I believe that not only myself but everyone else can build a time management schedule that will help them maintain daily activities throughout their day so that they are able to complete them in a timely manner. When using time management one need to have a set schedule of things that they have to do and give themselves enough time throughout the day. While reading the effects of time management, we have seen what one can do to manage their time efficiently and how to complete their daily activities. Time management is a soft skill that is acquired throughout our lifetime and continues to grow as we grow. However, managing our time with everything that we do during the day maybe hard for us to do, it can be done without any hesitation at all. Time management means to me that one has the ability to manage their time through many things in their lives whether they have a disability or not. In conclusion, time management is stated as follows: the analysis of how working hours are spent and the prioritization of tasks in order to maximize personal efficiency in the http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/time+management? s=t) References DiPipi-Hoy, C. , Jitendra, A. K. , Kern, L. (2009). Effects of time management instruction on adolescents ability to self-manage time in a vocational setting. The Journal of Special Education, 43(3), 145-159. doi:http://dx. doi. org/10. 1177/0022466908317791 http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/time+management? s=t.

For Whom The Bell Tolls :: essays research papers

The Disillusionment of Hemingway with War Hemingway uses certain repetitive themes and ideas in his book, For Whom the Bell Tolls, which relate to the grander dogma that he is trying to teach. By using these reoccurring ideas, he is able to make clear his views on certain issues and make the reader understand his thoughts. The most notable of this reoccurring theme is that of war. Hemingway uses the war concept as paradoxical irony in this book, to tell the reader what the thinks about war. It is even more interesting to note that rather than this theme being derived from this war theme, the book is derived from this main theme.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hemingway emphasized the fallacy of war by discussing how there are no real winners in war, that war is equal. What goes around comes around. That whereas one man may kill another, another man will come to kill the first man and so on, in a never-ending cycle of stupidity and futility. The setting of this book can be analyzed here; the Spanish Civil War in the 1920-30 time period is the setting for the book, on the battlefields in the Spanish countryside. The whole fascist/communist aspect is brought up since both sides are against one another. Here again, Hemingway doesn’t idealize either side, not referring to their political beliefs but to the fact that each side is very much the same. Both sides consist of sad, depressed fools who have been shipped off to war, content to live in peace and harmony with each other. It is here that Hemingway’s first satirical punch at war comes in, when he makes it clear that both sides are human, with no clear line separating the saints from the sinners.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another thing that is connected to the war concept is that both sides are hopelessly disillusioned. A victory for any army is not truly a victory if it involves the loss of human life, and Hemingway seems to imply this as he pokes fun at the ongoings of the war. Atrocities are committed by otherwise compassionate, peaceful people since they are forced to do so by their respective sides. The author also satirizes the â€Å"illusion† that people have of war being glorious, heroic, etc., saying that even a victory is a defeat since so many lie dead in an effort to get that victory. He says that war is not all that, that war is in fact legalized murder, that has no place in human life.

Distinctively Visual Essay

Composers create distinctively visual images to draw aspects that they are presenting in their texts. This helps the reader to understand and visualise the characters responses to significant aspects of life. The Author Henry Lawson uses these distinctive images in his short stories ‘The Drovers Wife’ and ‘The Loaded Dog’ to help portray the harsh realities of living in the Australian bush. These realities create significant experiences for the individuals in his stories as they are faced with hardships, mateship and love. Similarly, John Misto’s play ’The Shoe-Horn Sonta’ and Ramon Tongs ‘African Beggar’ use distinctively visual language to let the responder engage with the characters and their world. ‘The Loaded Dog’ explores the significant experience of mateship through the characters; Dave Regan, Jim Bently, Andy Page and their young retriever Tommy who is described with great visual imagery as an ‘overgrown pup, a big, foolish, four-footed mate, who was always slobbering round them and lashing their legs with his heavy tail that swung round like a stock-whip’. The story starts off slow introducing the gold mines that the story takes place in, using elaborate instructions to explain the process of mining and cartridge construction through verbs including ‘sewed’, ‘bound’ and ‘pasted’ which gives the reader a distinctively visual image of how life was for the gold miners. The author uses Australian jargon and vernacular language such as ’Don’t foller us!’ and ’no mucking around’ throughout the story to give the reader a more visual image of how the men of the area communicate. The story’s pace exponentially increases along with it’s humour as the storyline develops and as each complication arises. Dialogue and punctuation, such as ‘dashes’, carry us along with the action painting a picture in the readers mind of the events taking place. Dave who is seen as the ‘ideas man’ decides to create a cartridge to blow the local fish out of the water to eat and while he is at away at working on the cartridge, Tommy grabs the cartridge in his play, setting it alight in the fire, which establishes the main issue in the story. Lawson uses a humorous tone throughout this scene to give the reader a more visual image of what is being played out ‘close behind him, was the retriever with the cartridge in his mouth – wedged into his broadest and silliest grin’. Another short story composed by Lawson similar to ’The Loaded Dog’ entitled ‘The Drovers Wife’ creates powerful images through the use of distinctively visual language that enables the reader to feel the hardships of the characters. Lawson begins the story with the distinctively visual image of the harsh landscape ‘The bush consists of stunted, rotting native apple trees. No undergrowth, Nothing to relieve the eye save the darker green of a few she oaks which are sighing above the narrow waterless creek’. This descriptive language allows the responder to visualise the harsh outback scenery. The drovers wife is seen as a protective mother and a hardened battler against the disasters of the Australian bush. The use of alliteration ‘no undergrowth, nothing to relieve the eye†¦ nineteen miles to the nearest civilisation’ accentuates how isolated the Wife is from society. Lawson uses powerful verbs when creating a distinctively visual image in the responders mind in ‘The Drover’s Wife’. When the drover’s wife goes to hit the snake, ‘snatches’ is used to create images of immediacy and courage within the responder’s mind, whilst ‘darts’ is used to create an image of threat, the woman has no hesitation in hitting the snake and she darts to protect her children. Similar to John Lawson’s stories, John Misto’s Australian play ‘The Shoe-Horn Sonta’ uses an array of distinctively visual techniques to highlight the significant aspects of the story. Through dramatic film and editing techniques, and powerful dialogue, Misto explores the story of hundreds and thousands of women imprisoned by the Japanese in South-East Asia. The composer uses juxtaposition as the dialogue consists of both private and public conversations to create an image in the responders mind of the powerful links between the public and private voices between the two main characters, Sheila and Bridie. The opening scene shows Bridie re-enacting the kowtow, a tribute to the emperor of Japan ‘Bridie stands in a spotlight. She bows stiffly from the waist, and remains in this position.’ These stage directions allow the reader to visualise how Misto wants it to be performed, letting the reader share their experiences, and feel engaged with Bridie . Ramon Tong’s ‘African Beggar’ utilises distinctively visual language techniques to create and perceive a relationship with the persona and his  world and therefore understand the challenges he faces. The metaphor ‘a heap of verminous rags and matted hair’ is used to establish an image of a ‘thing’ rather than a human as ‘verminous’ is usually associated with flies and ‘matted hair’ creates images of an unhygienic lifestyles in the responders mind. The tone of the story suddenly changes in the third stanza and enables the reader to re-establish the relationship and perception that was previously created with the beggar. ‘lost in the trackless jungle of his pain’ is an example of symbolism used the show that the beggar feels pain in his whole body. This stanza creates an image of someone struggling for life and gives reason for the reader to feel sympathetic towards the beggar, this is highlighted in the line ‘lying all alone’. In conclusion, these texts all use powerful distinctively visual techniques to the let the reader understand and visualise the personas and their worlds, and the hardships that they face.

Brand History Ysl

Brand History Founded by: Yves Saint Laurent and his partner Pierre Berge Chief Designer: 1. Yves Saint Laurent 1962-2002 The Day of Birth: August 1, 1936 The Day of death: June 1, 2008 Reputation: He is considered by many of the world's best- dressed people to be the inventor of modern fashion. Besides that, he is seen as the last of a generation of clothes designers that made the Rive Gauche (French for â€Å"Left Bank† of the Seine River in Paris) home to the most talented fashion designers in the world. These designers include Christian Dior, Coco Chanel, and Hubert de Givenchy — all people who helped make Paris the international capital of fashion. CAREER: 1. Saint Laurent got his big break when he was only 17 years old. The shy young designer began to work for fashion legend, Christian Dior. 2. By the time he was 21 years old, Saint Laurent was in charge of Dior's empire. He immediately started to develop a unique style that combined Dior's elegance and tradition with a more wearable, realistic style. . Saint Laurent struck out on his own in 1961, opening his own fashion house where he created haute couture for socialites and celebrities. MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS: 1. Saint Laurent's trendsetting clothes not only changed the look of high fashion but also the life of the average woman. 2. Aside from his haute couture clothing, he offered another clothing line for women available in department stores. The designs from this line often turned heads and changed the lives of the women wh o wore them. 3. In the 1960s and 1970s, when women were joining the workforce in millions for the first time, Saint Laurent designed more gender-neutral looks based on pants and jackets. No longer did women feel like they needed to wear only skirts and blouses. The change met with resistance, but women those who wearing Yves Saint Laurent’s pantsuits would simply take off their pants to dictate what they were allowed to wear on more than one occasion. 4. Another clothing item of his that became popular was a jacket called â€Å"le smoking,† which is a square-shouldered tuxedo for women. When the jacket first appeared in his 1966 fall-winter collection, it immediately became a groundbreaking landmark in fashion history because it blurred the lines between traditional male and female style. 5. Saint Laurent also changed fashion by using other types of pop culture in his clothes. For example, he created the Mondrian dress in 1965. These colorful dresses were patterned with the Dutch artist Piet Mondrian's abstract and geometric designs. 6. Saint Laurent also aided the women's liberation movement by challenging other socially accepted norms. . In 1971, Saint Laurent posed nude for his own perfume ads. This was shocking to many people. He did it to raise this question: Why is it more socially acceptable when a woman poses nude for an advertisement than when a man does? 8. He is credited with having introduced the tuxedo suit for women. 9. He became the first designer to use ethnic models in his runway shows, and referenced other non-European cultures in his work. 2. Albe r Elbaz 1998-1999 3. Tom Ford 1999-2004 4. Stefano Pilati 2004- Logo Designed by: A. M. Cassandre Brand Main History: During the 1960s and 1970s, the firm popularized fashion trends such as the beatnik look, safari jackets for men and women, tight pants and tall, thigh-high boots, including the creation of arguably the most famous classic tuxedo suit for women in 1966, Le Smoking suit. Some of his most memorable collections include the Pop Art, Ballet Russes, Picasso and Chinese ones. He also started mainstreaming the idea of wearing silhouettes from the 1920s, '30s and '40s. He was the first, in 1966, to popularize ready-to-wear in an attempt to democratize fashion, with Rive Gauche a |name. He was also the first designer to use black models in his catwalk shows. Among St. Laurent's muses were Loulou de La Falaise, the daughter of a French marquis and an Anglo-Irish fashion model, Betty Catroux, the half-Brazilian daughter of an American diplomat and wife of a French decorator, Talitha Pol-Getty, who died of drug overdose in 1971, and Catherine Deneuve, the iconic French actress. Ambassador to the couturier during the late 1970s and early 80s was London socialite millionairess Diane Boulting-Casserley Vandelli, making the brand ever more popular amongst the -European jet-set and upper classes. In 1993, the Saint-Laurent fashion house was sold to the pharmaceuticals company Sanofi for approximately $600,000,000. In the 1998-1999 seasons, Alber Elbaz, currently of Lanvin, designed 3 ready-to-wear collections. Pierre Berge appointed Hedi Slimane as Collections and art Director in 1997, and they relaunched YSL Rive Gauche Homme. Hedi Slimane decided to leave the house 2 years later. In 1999, Gucci bought the YSL brand and asked Tom Ford to design the ready-to-wear collection while Saint-Laurent would design the haute couture collection. In 2002, dogged by years of poor health, drug abuse, depression, alcoholism, criticisms of YSL designs, Saint-Laurent closed the illustrious couture house of YSL. While the house no longer exists, the brand still survives through its parent company Gucci Group. The pret-a-porter line is still being produced under the direction of Stefano Pilati after Tom Ford left in 2004. His style is decidedly more French than the overtly sexy image that Tom Ford perpetuated. Brand Communication For advertising his companions, the Yves Saint Laurent uses familiar faces from the general public. In the beginning, Scroll Elela great names in fashion as Katoucha Niane, Betty Catroux, Loulou de la Falaise, Talitha Pol-actress Getty or Catherine Deneuve. Then, Kate Moss, Claudia Schiffer. The former supermodel Naomi Campbell is used for the campaign of the Autumn-Winter 09 collection. For the men's fragrance â€Å"Night of the Man† is Vincent Cassel who embodies the new face of the brand. The house YSL applies to make his shows an event for which the jetset people jostling to sit in the front ranks. The venues are just as prestigious as the models occupying the podium. The women's collection Autumn-Winter 07-08 and was held at the Centre Pompidou in Paris on 1 March 2007, while the men's collection for the same season was held in the workshops Berthier. Campaign Spring-Summer 2008 women has, in turn, held on the premises of the Foundation Yves Saint Laurent-Pierre Berge. The Creative Director Stefano Pilati is then, photographers Ines Van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin and the model is none other than Kate Moss. The Fall-Winter 2009-2010 collection create the event: it is first opened on the website of the brand, before being presented on the catwalk. Since 2007, Stefano Pilati created the event each year to the streets with his â€Å"Manifesto†: a photo catalog of luxury brand Distibution to passersby on the street. In 2008 he was with the image of supermodel Naomi Campbell, photographed by the duo Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin-distributed simultaneously in Paris, New York, London, Milan, Tokyo and Hong Kong. A cotton bag flanked YSL logo was also provided for the occasion. In 2009 he was with the image of Claudia Schiffer and accompanied by a bag with the initials of the brand, designed by Stefano Pilati himself, and a small USB key.

Fish Gills Essays - Respiratory System, Zoology, Fish Anatomy

Fish Gills Essays - Respiratory System, Zoology, Fish Anatomy Fish Gills Not all animals have lungs. Many animals live in environments where lungs would be efficient enough for survival. Gills are another type of respiratory system, which are very efficient at removing oxygen from water: there is only 1/20 the amount of oxygen present in water as in the same volume of air. Gills greatly increase the surface area for gas exchange and they occur in a variety of animal groups including arthropods (including some terrestrial crustaceans), annelids, fish, and amphibians. Gills are typically comprised of a gill arch, which contain veins and arteries that supply blood flow to the attached gill filaments. The arches are a rigid stucture which provide support and protection for the attached lamellae. There are usually two types of filaments, which are attached, primary and secondary. Primary lamellae (or gill filaments) extend perpendicular from the gill arch. The filaments are located close together arranged in rows extending from both sides of the gill arches. With usually 4 gill arches side by side per side of the fish (Graham, 1997) the filaments form a sieve through which the ventilatory water must pass. (Evans, 1998) Each primary lamellae house an efferent and afferent blood vessel, which supplies the secondary lamellae. Secondary lamellae extend vertically from the primary lamellae (or filaments) and are placed closely together forming small channels for water to flow through. Each secondary lamella is made up of two sheets of epithelial cells with pillar cells that hold them apart. These pillar cells form small tunnels within each secondary lamellae that act as channels for blood to perfuse through. Pillar cells are used to help regulate gas exchange across the secondary lamellae surfaces. The pillar cells have the ability to expand or contract, increasing or decreasing the size of the blood flow tunnels. This allows more or less blood to perfuse through the tunnels, it also increases or decreases the channel size between two secondary lamella allowing more or less water to perfuse through them. In water with high oxygen content the pillar cells will expand allowing more blood to rush through the lamellae to pick up oxygen while at the same time slowing the amount of high oxygenated water that flow s through the channels in order to prevent the fish from getting too much oxygen. In waters of low oxygen content the pillar cells will contract widening the water flow channels to allow more water to perfuse through, while at the same time allowing less blood to move through the lamellae, for it can only pick up as much oxygen that is present in the water. Water flows through these lamellae channels in one direction while blood flows in the opposite direction through the epithelial cells. This creates a countercurrent flow that maximizes oxygen transfer. The total number of lamellae constitutes the total surface area of the gills available for gas transfer. The number of lamellae per animal is correlated with their size and activity, the larger and more active the animal the more lamellae it will have. (Evans 1998) Gills provide a one-way flow for oxygen to perfuse over them. This one way flow increases their efficiency since there is not much mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated water directly over the gills and there is no dead air space such as the trachea in which oxygenated and deoxygenated water can get mixed. Bibliography Thr physiology of fishes. David Evans 1998

How to Find the Sagittarius Constellation

How to Find the Sagittarius Constellation The skies of July and August provide an excellent view of the constellation Sagittarius. Easy to spot and filled with fascinating deep-sky objects, Sagittarius is an ideal subject of study for stargazers and astronomers alike. The constellation Sagittarius is often referred to as a teapot because of its appearance: the main boxy shape is the body of the teapot, from which a handle and a spout extend outward. Some observers add that the Milky Way appears to be rising up out of the spout like steam. Finding the Sagittarius Constellation In the northern hemisphere, Sagittarius reaches its highest point in the southern part of the sky during July and August and into early September. Sagittarius is also visible high in the northern part of the sky for regions south of the equator. Sagittarus has such a distinctive shape that its not too hard to spot in the sky. Simply look for the teapot shape next to the curved body of Scorpius the Scorpion.  Not only are these constellations filled with fascinating celestial bodies to observe, they are also on either side of the core of our galaxy, where the black hole Sgr A* lives. A chart of the sky containing Scorpius and Sagittarius. Ross 154 is a faint star in Sagittarius. Carolyn Collins Petersen All About Scorpius Sagittarius is best-known as the figure of a cosmic archer, although the Greeks saw it as a starry representation of a mythical creature called a centaur. Alternatively, some mythology identifies Sagittarius as the son of Pan, the god who created archery. His name was Crotus, and he was put into the sky by the god Zeus so that everyone could see how archery worked. (However, most viewers dont see an archer when they look at Sagittarius- the teapot shape is far easier to identify.) The Stars of the Scorpius Constellation The entire constellation of Sagittarius shown with IAU boundaries and the brightest stars that make up the pattern.   IAU/Sky Telescope The brightest star in the constellation Sagittarius is called Kaus Australis (or Epsilon Sagittarii). The second-brightest is Sigma Sagittarii, with a common name of Nunki. Sigma (Nunki) was one of the stars that the Voyager 2 spacecraft used for navigation as it was traveling to the outer solar system to study the gas giant planets.   There are eight bright stars that make up the teapot shape of the main constellation. The rest of the constellation as outlined by the IAU boundaries has a couple of dozen more stars.   Sagittarius constellation is outlined by eight bright stars, and scattered among them are globular clusters (yellow circles), open clusters (yellow broken line circles), and nebulae (squares). Its best to search this area with a good pair of binoculars just to get an idea of the many fascinating objects in the Sagittarius region.   Carolyn Collins Petersen Selected Deep Sky Objects in Constellation Sagittarius Sagittarius is right on the plane of the Milky Way and its teapot spout points almost directly to the center of our galaxy. Because the galaxy is so well-populated in this part of the sky, observers can spot many star clusters, including a number of globular clusters and open star clusters. Globulars are spherical-shaped collections of stars, many much older than the galaxy itself. Open star clusters are not as tightly gravitationally bound as the globulars. Sagittarius also contains some lovely nebulae: clouds of gas and dust lit up by radiation from nearby stars. The most prominent objects to search out in this area of the sky are the Lagoon Nebula, the Trifid Nebula, and the globular clusters M22 and M55.   Nebulae in Sagittarius Because we look at the galaxy from inside, its very common to see clouds of gas and dust in the plane of the Milky Way. This is especially true in Sagittarius. The Lagoon and Trifid Nebulae are the easit to spot, although they can generally only be seen well with binoculars or a small telescope. Both of these nebulae contain regions where star formation is actively taking place. Astronomers see both newborn stars as well as protostellar objects in these regions, which helps them track the process of starbirth. The Trifid is also known as Messier 20 and has been studied by many ground-based observatories as well as Hubble Space Telescope. It will look somewhat dim but should be easy to spot in a small telescope. Its name comes from the fact that it looks like a little pool next to the brighter regions of the Milky Way. The Trifid looks like it has three lobes connected together. They lie just over four thousand light-years away from us.   The Trifid Nebula in full glorious color provided by the European Southern Observatory. Smaller telescopes will not show these colors, but a long-exposure photograph will.   European Southern Observatory Globular Clusters in Sagittarius Globular clusters are satellites of the Milky Way Galaxy. They often contain hundreds, thousands, or sometimes millions of stars, all tightly bound together by gravity. M22 (which is the 22nd objects in Charles Messiers list of Faint fuzzy objects that he compiled in the 18th century), was first discovered in 1665 and contains about 300,000 stars all packed together in a region of space about 50 light-years across.   This view of the globular cluster M22 in Sagittarius was taken using an amateur telescope.   Hunter Wilson, via Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 Another interesting globular cluster is also in Sagittarius. Its called M55, and was discovered in 1752. It contains just under 300,000 stars all gathered into an area bout 48 light-years across. It lies nearly 18,000 light-years away from us. Search out Sagittarius for other clusters and nebulae, especially using a pair of binoculars or a small telescope.

Summary of the article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Summary of the article - Essay Example According to Adam Smith, as the article explains, it was the obligation of a nation to protect species outflow (LaHaye, 1986). In this perspective, national policies were geared toward the protection of the acquired wealth by encouraging the importation of species and discouraging export. The economic reason for mercantilism was to acquire much power by large competitive nation states such as Europe (LaHaye, 1986). The article points out that, these nations did not have species, but acquired them from colonies through colonization of countries endowed with this species and through international trade. In the mercantilism period, the hustle for economic power resulted in military conflict amid nation states. Laura appreciates that countries minted their currencies in order to finance their military to command a considerable territorial expansion. National policies in mercantilism period defined the relationship between government and mercantile classes. The article outline that mercantile classes (merchants and producers) provided levies and taxes that were used to finance the armies of the nation states and the government was responsible for formulating policies that protect mercantile from undue foreign competition (LaHaye, 1986). Governments of nation-states developed public policies that took different forms. In the home country, the article posits that governments promoted local monopoly over colonial markets, finance new industries, and offer tax exemption and tax holiday to the upcoming industries. The trade policy was coined in order to assist infant domestic industries by imposition of quotas, tariffs and prohibiting the importation of goods that compete with local brands (LaHaye, 1986). Marine transport was an imperative mean of transport for shipping gold and silver from colonies to colonizing countries. For instance, the article identifies that the shipment of gold was conducted to facilitate

Shoeless Joe by J.D. Salinger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Shoeless Joe by J.D. Salinger - Essay Example Salinger’s interest for games and sports is overwhelming. In the novel, baseball can critically be accounted for in relation to the role played by Salinger (Kinsella 72). The game accounts for the American history, and subsequent evolvement of the game in the American context. This scenario in the case of Salinger is intriguing, in relation to his involvement in the pursuits of the game. He shows special interest in sporting, becoming a primary fan of the game. Salinger’s support for athletes captures the interest of the reader in regard to the highlights made by the novel. Salinger’s social interaction with other people and the society at large is not an outstanding undertaking. The novel outlines his interest for individual autonomy, enjoying individual domain away from public interference (Kinsella 143). The combination of this aspect with his passion and interests leaves so much to be desired, due to the lack of connection that socialization and game pursuits pose. However, Salinger manages his personality and character, as well as his day to day undertakings, to present a wholesome person is less likely to be influenced by parties that he least worries about. Life is highly characterized by dreams, at least as Salinger seems to be believe (Kinsella 168). Dreams constitute the primary activities that Salinger gets engaged in. In other words, his thoughts are highly held and treasured in his life, with or without critical analysis of the inner meaning of the thoughts or even the underlying dreams for that matter. Amid this dream concept and pursuit in Salinger’s life the concept of aging at a personal level is introduced. Aging comes with the lesson that individual efforts can beat advancing age to revitalize personal efforts through persistently enhancing personal creativity. Another interesting item about Salinger is how magic and related acts are captured through the author. He believes in the occurrence of supernatural happeni ngs or the existence of extraordinary forces that act on an individual from time to time. Salinger does not consider his life to be perfect one in an American context, but it is rather better compared to many other places beyond America. The extraordinary forces that Salinger believes in depict scenarios of at time happenings that befall an individual in the pursuit of their daily interests. Magic is part and parcel of Salinger’s life, meaning that he believes in supernatural occurrences, and does not mind experiencing them from time to time. This realization as provided for by the novel is a critical learned aspect of Salinger. The general life of Salinger is rather a complicated one. Starting from his character in the novel to the real life scenario that the novel poses, Salinger has a sophisticated personality. While this aspect is not hard to come by in many individuals around the world, its representation in the novel and the actual life that Salinger leads makes it an i nteresting aspect in relation to what one can learn about Salinger from the novel. He makes moves when least expected to do so. On the same note, when there is an intention to please him, the outcome depicts the opposite. The predictability of an individual following critical analysis of his or her personality aids a crucial determination of how to handle the person in question.

Guest Cycle Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Guest Cycle - Research Paper Example This approach is to assist the hotel manage their revenues and booking strategies. This approach can be facilitated by the reservation department having to automatically generate letters of confirmation, produce requests for guest deposits and handle pre-registration activities for all types of guests and generate daily expected arrival lists, occupancy and revenue forecast lists. Upon the acceptance of a reservation request by the reservation agents, the agents creates a reservation o the hotel management software. The record will initiate the process of the guest cycle. The reservation contains the details of the guest and their specific requests which are meant to provide the guest with personalized services upon their arrival at the hotel. The details are further used in the completion of the pre-registration activities which include room assignment based on the demands of the guests, the room rates to be applied to the guests, and the nature of room preparation for the guests (Enz, 2010). The stage is made up of registration and room assignment processes. After the guests have arrived, they establish a business relationship with the hotel management through the front office. The front office staff are charged with the responsibility of clarifying any queries from the guests especially those on the room rates and other packages. The front office staff should be able to determine the reservation status of the guests before the beginning of the check-in process. The front office should take into consideration all the guests who did earlier reservation or those without reservation who are commonly known as walk-ins. The front office print registration cards and are completed at the check-in stage as such will help them to collect essential information from the guest. The cards contain details such as billing instructions, passport details, reservation details, personal data and credit card details (Andrews, 2013). At this stage, the

A Model Of Consumer Behavior Online

A Model Of Consumer Behavior Online Del Monte operates in a very competitive global food industry. In addition to manufacturing canned fruits and vegetables for human consumption, Del Monte produces pet food such as Gravy Train, 9 Lives, and Meow Mix. Therefore, using market research the company constantly looks for innovative ways to increase its competitive edge. The company also decided to implement social media. Once Del Monte made the decision to deploy social media projects, the company had to decide how best to use social media research to support its diverse product line-in this case dog food. The Solution The basic idea was first to connect and collaborate with dog lovers via social networks. Since the corporate IT department was not equipped to deal with social network research, Del Monte hired Market Tools Inc., a market research firm. With the help of Market Tools Inc., Del Monte began offering an online platform for customers to chat and comment on blog entries about different Del Monte products. Using their propriety software, Market Tools monitors millions of relevant blogs in the blogsphere as well as forums in social networks, in order to identify key ideas and issues that consumers are interested in, analyze them, and then predict consumer behavior trends. To analyze the collected data, Del Monte teamed up with Umbria (a division of J. D. Power and Associates), a pioneer in drawing market intelligence from the online community. Umbria assisted in further analysis of and in profiling the collected information. Such analysis is usually done by using computerized tools such as monitoring consumer interactions, analyzing consumers sentiments, and using social analytics methods (e.g., see Hedin, et al. 2011 and Jayanti 2010). By utilizing social media, Del Monte can conduct market research much more efficiently. The conventional approach was to use questionnaires or focus groups that were expensive and difficult to fill with qualified participants. Using social media, Del Monte can gather much of the same or more qualitative data faster and at a lower price. All that is required now is to monitor customer conversations, collect the data, and analyze the vast amount of information. The software also facilitates subgroup creation, idea generation, and panel creation. The results of the analysis help Del Monte understand its customers and consequently plan its marketing activities, communication strategies, and customer service applications. The results also help evaluate the success of marketing campaigns, how well the business processes accomplished the goals, and better justify proposed new activities. The Experiment Del Monte used the above application first to help improve its dog treat, Snausages Breakfast Bites. For guidance, Del Monte relied on its dog lovers social community. By monitoring customer blogs and by posting questions to customers to stimulate discussions, Del Monte used text analysis methods to investigate the relationship between dogs and their owners. Del Monte concluded that owners of small dogs would be the major purchasers of Snausages Breakfast Bites. The company also found differences due to the age of owners, and discovered other people-dogs relationships. Next, a small sample of the improved dog food was produced and tested in the physical market. As a result of both social media and physical research, the product design decisions were revised. Also, marketing promotions were modified. The product sells better because the dogs love it. Finally, the new approach solidified the community of dog lovers who are happy that their opinions are considered. The Results Product cycle time was reduced by more than 50 percent to only 6 months, and Del Monte was able to develop a better marketing communication strategy. Furthermore, the analysis helped the company better understand customers and their purchasing activities as well as predicting market trends and identifying and anticipating opportunities. Note: Similar research on cat food was conducted in 2012 in an online survey, by Kelton Research, using e-mail invitation and an online survey. For details see Meow Mix (2012). Sources: Compiled from Steel (2008), Greengard (2008), Hedin et al. (2011), Jayanti (2010), Meow Mix (2012), Wikivest (2012), and Market Tools (2008). What we can learnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The opening case illustrates that market research can be useful in a competitive market by providing insights for better product development and marketing strategy. In this case, the company collected data online from its socially-oriented customers. Market Tools Inc. monitored conversations (over 50 millions of them) on blogs and discussion rooms to find the voice of the customers. The collected data were then analyzed. The results of the analysis helped Del Monte improve its dog food and devise new marketing strategies. Market research, as seen in the case, is related to consumer behavior, purchasing decision making, behavioral marketing, and advertising strategies; all these topics are addressed in this chapter. 9.1 Learning About Consumer Behavior Online Companies are operating in an increasingly competitive environment. Therefore, they please customers and influence them to buy their goods and services. Finding and retaining customers are major critical success factors for most businesses, both offline and online. One of the key elements in building effective customer relationships is an understanding of consumer shopping behavior online. A Model of Consumer Behavior Online For decades, market researchers have tried to understand consumer shopping behavior, and have summarized their findings in various models. The purpose of a consumer behavior model is to help vendors understand how a consumer makes a purchasing decision. If a firm understands the decision process, it may be able to better influence the buyers decision, for example, through advertising or special promotions. Before examining the consumer behavior models variables, lets describe who the EC consumers are. Online consumers can be divided into two types: individual consumers (who get much of the media attention) and organizational buyers, who do most of the actual shopping in cyberspace in terms of dollar volume of sales. Organizational buyers include governments, private corporations, resellers, and nonprofit organizations. Purchases by organizational buyers are generally used to add value to materials or products. Also, organizational buyers may purchase products for resale without any further modifications. We discuss organizational purchasing in detail in Chapter 5 (e-procurement) and will focus on individual consumers in this chapter. The purpose of a consumer behavior model (for individuals) is to show factors that affect consumer behavior. Exhibit 9.1 shows the basic elements of a consumer behavior model. The model is composed of two major parts: influential factors and the consumer decision process. [Insert Exhibit 9.1 here] Æ’ËÅ" Influential factors. Five dimensions are considered to affect consumer behavior. They are consumer characteristics, environmental characteristics, merchant and intermediary characteristics (which are at the top of the exhibit and are considered uncontrollable from the sellers point of view), product/service characteristics (which include market stimuli), and EC systems. The last two are mostly controlled by the sellers. Exhibit 9.1 illustrates the major variables in each influential dimension. A more detailed description is provided in Online File W9.1. Æ’ËÅ" The attitude-behavior decision process. The consumer decision process usually starts with a positive attitude and ends with the buyers decision to purchase and/or repurchase. A favorable attitude would lead to a stronger buying intention, which in turn would result in the actual buying behavior. Previous research has shown that the linkages among the previously mentioned three constructs are quite strong. For example, Ranganathan and Jha (2007) found that past online shopping experiences have the strongest associations with online purchase intention, followed by customer concerns, website quality, and computer self-efficacy. Therefore, developing a positive consumer attitude plays a central role in the final purchase decision. The Major Influential Factors These factors fall into the following categories: Personal characteristics. Personal characteristics, which are shown in the top-left portion of Exhibit 9.1, refer to demographic factors, individual preferences, and behavioral characteristics. Several websites provide information on customer buying habits online (e.g., emarketer.com, clickz.com, and comscore.com). The major demographics that such sites track are gender, age, marital status, educational level, ethnicity, occupation, and household income, which can be correlated with Internet usage and EC data. Males and females have been found to perceive information differently depending on their levels of purchase confidence and internal knowledge (Barber et al. 2009). A recent survey by Crespo and Bosque (2010) shows that shopping experience has a significant effect on consumer attitude and intention to purchase online. Psychological variables such as personality and lifestyle characteristics are also studied by marketers. These variables are briefly mentioned in several places throughout the text. The reader who is interested in the impact of lifestyle differences on online shopping may see Wang et al. (2006). Product/service factors. The second group of factors is related to the product/service itself. Whether a consumer decides to buy is affected by the nature of the product/service in the transaction. These may include the price, quality, design, brand, and other related attributes of the product. Merchant and intermediary factors. Online transactions may also be affected by the merchant that provides the product/service. This group of factors includes merchant reputation, size of transaction, trust in the merchant, and so on. For example, people feel more secure when they purchase from Amazon.com (due to its reputation) than from a no-name seller. Other factors such as marketing strategy and advertising can also play a major role. EC systems. The EC platform for online transactions (e.g., security protection, payment mechanism, and so forth) offered by the merchant may also have effects. EC design factors can be divided into motivational and hygiene factors. Motivational factors were found to be more important than hygiene factors in attracting online customers (Liang and Lai 2002). Perceived usability is highly related to user preference for commercial websites (Lee and Koubek 2010). Motivational factors. Motivational factors are the functions available on the website to provide direct support in the transactional process (e.g., search engine, shopping carts, multiple payment methods). Hygiene factors. Hygiene factors are functions available on the website whose main purpose is to prevent possible trouble in the process (e.g., security and product status tracking). Environmental factors. The environment in which a transaction occurs may affect a consumers purchase decision. As shown in Exhibit 8.1, environmental variables can be grouped into the following categories: Social variables. People are influenced by family members, friends, coworkers, and whats in fashion this year. Therefore, social variables (such as customer endorsement, word-of-mouth) play an important role in EC. Of special importance in EC are Internet communities (see Chapter 7) and discussion groups, in which people communicate via chat rooms, electronic bulletin boards, twitting, and newsgroups. These topics are discussed in various places in the text. Cultural/community variables. It makes a big difference in what people buy if a consumer lives near Silicon Valley in California or in the mountains in Nepal. Chinese shoppers may differ from French shoppers, and rural shoppers may differ from urban ones. Other environmental variables. These include aspects such as available information, government regulations, legal constraints, and situational factors. [Comp: please shade the bullet list] Section 9.1 Ã… ¸ Review Questions 1. Describe the major components and structure of the consumer online purchasing behavior model. 2. List some major personal characteristics that influence consumer behavior. 3. List the major environmental variables of the purchasing environment. 4. List and describe five major merchant-related variables. 5. Describe the relationships among attitude, intention, and actual behavior in the behavior process model. 9.2 The Consumer Purchasing Decision-Making Process Consumer behavior is a major element in the process of consumers decisions to purchase or repurchase. A Generic Purchasing-Decision Model From the consumers perspective, a general purchasing-decision model consists of five major phases (Hawkins and Mothersbaugh 2010). In each phase, we can distinguish several activities and, in some, one or more decisions. The five phases are (1) need identification, (2) information search, (3) evaluation of alternatives, (4) purchase and delivery, and (5) postpurchase activities. Although these phases offer a general guide to the consumer decision-making process, one should not assume that every consumers decision-making process will necessarily proceed in this order. In fact, some consumers may proceed to a specific phase and then revert to a previous phase, or they may skip a phase altogether. The phases are discussed in more details next. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Need identification. The first phase occurs when a consumer is faced with an imbalance between the actual and the desired states of a need. A marketers goal is to get the consumer to recognize such imbalance and then convince the consumer that the product or service the seller offers will fill this gap. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Information search. After identifying the need, the consumer searches for information on the various alternatives available to satisfy the need. Here, we differentiate between two decisions: what product to buy (product brokering) and from whom to buy it (merchant brokering). These two decisions can be separate or combined. In the consumers search for information, catalogs, advertising, promotions, and reference groups could influence decision making. During this phase, online product search and comparison engines, see examples at shopping.com, buyersindex.com, and mysimon.com, can be very helpful. (See decision aids in Chapter 3.) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Evaluation of Alternatives. The consumers information search will eventually generate a smaller set of preferred alternatives. From this set, the would-be buyer will further evaluate the alternatives and, if possible, negotiate terms. In this phase, a consumer will use the collected information to develop a set of criteria. These criteria will help the consumer evaluate and compare alternatives. For online consumers, the activities may include evaluation of product prices and features. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Purchase and delivery. After evaluating the alternatives, the consumer will make the purchasing decision, arrange payment and delivery, purchase warranties, and so on. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Postpurchase activities. The final phase is a postpurchase phase, which consists of customer service and evaluation of the usefulness of the product. Customer services and consumer satisfaction will result in positive experience and word-of-mouth (e.g., This product is really great! or We really received good service when we had problems.). If the customer is satisfied with the product and services, loyalty will increase and repeat purchases will occur afterward. [Comp: please shade the bullet list] Several other purchasing-decision models have been proposed. A classic (1925) model for describing consumer message processing is the Attention-Interest-Desire-Action (AIDA) model at Wikipedia (see AIDA at Wikipedia). It argues that consumer processing of an advertising message (part of the information search phase) includes the following four stages: 1. A-Attention (Awareness). The first step is to get the customers attention. 2. I-Interest. By demonstrating features, advantages, and benefits, the customer becomes interested in the product. 3. D-Desire. Convice the customers that they want the product or service and that it will suit their needs. 4. A-Action. Finally, the consumer will take action toward purchasing. Now, some researchers also add another letter to form AIDA(S), where: 5. S-Satisfaction. Customer satisfaction will generate higher loyalty and lead to repurchase after using a product/service. (Loyalty, satisfaction, and trust are discussed in Online File W9.2.) A recent version of AIDA is the AISAS model proposed by the Dentsu Group that is tailored to online behavior. The model replaces decision with search and adds share to show the increased word-of-mouth effect on the Internet. It indicates that consumers go through a process of Attention-Interest-Search-Action-Share in their online decision process. This model is particularly suitable for social commerce. Customer Decision Support in Web Purchasing The preceding generic purchasing-decision model was widely used in research on consumer-based EC. In the Web-based environment, decision support is available in each phase. The framework that is illustrated in Online File W9.3 shows that each of the phases of the purchasing model, which were described earlier, can be supported by both a consumer decision support system (CDSS) that facilitates the process and Internet and Web-aiding facilities. The CDSS facilities support the specific decisions in the process. Generic EC technologies and analytics provide the necessary mechanisms as well as enhanced communication and collaboration tools. Specific implementation of this framework and explanations of some of the terms are provided throughout this chapter and the entire text. The planner of B2C marketing needs to consider the Web purchasing models in order to better influence the customers decision-making process (e.g., by effective one-to-one advertising and marketing). [Insert Exhibit 9.2 here] Online File W9.1 shows a model for a website that supports buyer searching and decision making. This model revises the generic model by describing a purchasing framework. The model is divided into three parts. The first includes three stages of buyer behavior (see top of exhibit): identify and manage buying criteria, search for products and merchants, and compare alternatives. Below these activities are boxes with decision support options that support the three top boxes (such as product representation).. The second part of the model (on the right) has a box that includes price, financial terms, shipping and warranty negotiations. These become relevant when alternatives are compared. The third part at the bottom of the exhibit, major concerns are cited. Players in the Consumer Decision Process Several different people may play roles in various phases of the consumer decision process. The following are five major roles: 1. Initiator. The person who first suggests or thinks of the idea of buying a particular product or service. 2. Influencer. A person whose advice or view carries some weight in making a final purchasing decision. 3. Decider. The person who ultimately makes a buying decision or any part of it-whether to buy, what to buy, how to buy, or where to buy. 4. Buyer. The person who makes an actual purchase. 5. User. The person who consumes or uses a product or service. [Comp: please shade the number list] A single person may play all the roles if the product or service is for personal use. In this case, the marketer needs to understand and target such individuals. In many situations, however, different people may play different roles. For example, a newly graduated engineer proposed to buy a car for his mother, which was followed by suggestions from his father and friends. Finally, he followed his fathers suggestion to buy the car. When more than one individual comes into play, it becomes more difficult to properly target advertising and marketing. Different marketing efforts may be designed to target people who are playing different roles. Section 9.2 Ã… ¸ Review Questions 1. List the five phases of the generic purchasing-decision model. 2. Use an example to explain the five phases in the generic purchasing-decision model. 3. Describe the supporting functions available in Web-based purchasing. 4. Describe AIDA and AISAS models and analyze their differences in illustrating an online purchasing behavior. 5. Describe the major players in a purchasing decision. 9.3 LOYALTY, SATISFACTION, AND TRUST IN E-COMMERCE Good online marketing activity can generate positive effects, which are generally observed as trust, customer satisfaction, and loyalty. Loyalty is the goal of marketing, while trust and customer satisfaction are factors that may affect customer loyalty. CUSTOMER LOYALTY One of the major objectives of marketing is to increase customer loyalty (recall the Netflix case). Customer loyalty refers to a deep commitment to repurchase or repatronize a preferred product/service continually in the future, thereby causing repetitive same-brand or same brand-set purchasing, despite situational influences and marketing efforts that have the potential to cause switching behavior. Customer acquisition and retention is a critical success factor in e-tailing. The expense of acquiring a new customer can be more than $100; even for Amazon.com, which has a huge reach, it is more than $15. In contrast, the cost of maintaining an existing customer at Amazon.com is $2 to $4. Attracting and retaining loyal customers remains the most important issue for any selling company, including e-tailers. Increased customer loyalty can result in cost savings to a company in various ways: lower marketing and advertising costs, lower transaction costs, lower customer turnover expenses, lower failure costs such as warranty claims, and so on. Customer loyalty also strengthens a companys market position because loyal customers are kept away from the competition. In addition, customer loyalty can lead to high resistance to competitors, a decrease in price sensitivity, and an increase in favorable word of mouth. Loyalty programs were introduced more than 100 years ago and are widely used among airlines, retailers, hotel chains, banks, casinos, car rentals, restaurants, and credit card companies. But now, loyalty programs have been computerized and expanded to all kinds of businesses. For example, Octopus Hong Kong (octopuscards.com), a stored-value card operator, launched a reward program for consumers aimed at increasing card usage across Hong Kong. Reward points are gained by purchasing at a number of leading merchants across the territory, including Wellcome, Watsons, UA Cinemas, and McDonalds. Each Octopus card can store up to 1,000 rewards points, which can be redeemed on the next purchase. FANCL, see the company atfancl.com, a Japanese cosmetics and health-care company, offers the FANCL point program where consumers earn FANCL points that are saved for gift redemption. However, the introduction of Internet technologies and social networking has the potential to undermine brands and discourage customer loyalty. The customers ability to shop, compare, get quick advice from friends, and switch to different vendors becomes easier, faster, and less expensive, given the aid of search engines and other technologies. Furthermore, customers are less loyal to the brand because of the lower switching costs for them to take advantage of special online offers and promotions, as well as to try new things. It is interesting to note that companies have found that loyal customers end up buying more when they have an optional website from which to shop. For example, W.W. Grainger, a large industrial-supply company, found that loyal B2B customers increased their purchases substantially when they began using Graingers website (grainger.com). (See Chapter 4 for more information.) Also, loyal customers may refer other customers to a site, especially with word of mouth in social networks. Therefore, it is important for EC companies to increase customer loyalty. The Web offers ample opportunities to do so. E-Loyalty E-loyalty refers to a customers loyalty to an e-tailer or a manufacturer that sells directly online, or to loyalty programs delivered online or supported electronically. Companies can foster e-loyalty by learning about their customers needs, interacting with customers, and providing superb customer service. Another source of information is colloquy.com, which concentrates on loyalty marketing. In an online environment, merchant ratings can be the source of interpersonal communication and are obtained from other consumers, not just friends and family. It is interesting to note that positive customer reviews have considerable impact on repurchase intention. It is not the total number of reviews that influences customer repurchase intention, but the percentage of positive reviews. This increases e-loyalty. (For reviews and recommendations in social networks, see Chapter 7.) Also, online ratings and word of mouth may undermine the effects of competitors low prices. For example, Amazon.com has higher prices than Half.com, but Amazon.com is still preferred by many customers. The difference is that Amazon.com has customer reviews and other personalization services, and Half.com does not. Many factors may affect customer loyalty and e-loyalty. A typical model is to check the relationship quality between retailers and their customers, which often is composed of trust, satisfaction, and commitment. Satisfaction and trust are particularly important because they will lead to commitment. For example, a recent study by Cyr (2008) found that e-loyalty is affected by trust and satisfaction across different cultures. Hence, we shall further discuss these two factors. SATISFACTION IN EC Satisfaction is one of the most important success measures in the B2C online environment. Customer satisfaction is associated with several key outcomes (e.g., repeat purchase, positive word of mouth, and so on) and it can lead to higher customer loyalty. A survey indicates that 80 percent of highly satisfied online consumers would shop again within two months, and 90 percent would recommend Internet retailers to others. However, 87 percent of dissatisfied consumers would permanently leave their Internet retailers without any complaints (Cheung and Lee 2005). Satisfaction has received considerable attention in studies of consumer-based EC. For example, ForeSee Results, an online customer satisfaction measurement company, developed the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) (theasci.org) for measuring customer satisfaction with EC. The Customer Respect Group (customerrespect.com) also provides an index to measure customers online experiences. The Customer Respect Index (CRI) includes the following components: simplicity, responsiveness, transparency, principles, attitude, and privacy. Researchers have proposed several models to explain the formation of satisfaction with online shopping. For example, Cheung and Lee (2005) proposed a framework for consumer satisfaction with Internet shopping by correlating the end-user satisfaction perspective with the service quality viewpoint. The framework is shown in Exhibit 9.3. The ability to predict consumer satisfaction can be useful in designing websites as well as advertising and marketing strategies. However, website designers should also pay attention to the nature of website features including navigational, visual, and information design (Cyr 2008). Different features have different impacts on customer (dis)satisfaction. If certain website features, such as reliability of content, loading speed, and usefulness fail to perform properly, customer satisfaction will drop dramatically. In contrast, if features such as those make the usage enjoyable, entertaining, and useful, they could result in a significant jump in customer satisfaction. [Insert Exhibit 9.3 here] Factors that Affect Consumer Satisfaction with Internet Shopping TRUST IN EC Trust is the psychological status of depending on another person or organization to achieve a planned goal. When people trust each other, they have confidence that their transaction partners will keep their promises. However, both parties in a transaction assume some risk. In the electronic marketplace, sellers and buyers do not meet face to face. The buyer can see a picture of the product but not the product itself. Promises of quality and delivery time can be easily made-but will they be kept? To deal with these issues, EC vendors need to establish high levels of trust with current and potential customers. Trust is particularly important in global EC transactions due to the difficulty of taking legal action in cases of a dispute or fraud and the potential for conflicts caused by differences in culture and business environments. In addition to sellers and buyers trusting each other, both must have trust in the EC computing environment and in the EC infrastructure. For example, if people do not trust the security of the EC infrastructure, they will not feel comfortable about using credit cards to make EC purchases. EC Trust Models Trust in e-commerce is often called online trust. Several models have been put forth to explain the factors that may affect online trust. For example, Lee and Turban (2001) examined the various aspects of EC trust and developed the model shown in Online File W9.2. According to this model, the level of trust is determined by numerous variables (factors) shown on the left side and in the middle of the exhibit. The exhibit illustrates the complexity of trust relationships, especially in B2C EC. [Enter Exhibit 9.4 here] EC Trust Model A newer model expands previous ones to include internal and external factors. Internal factors are directly related to online services provided by the vendor, and external factors are those that have indirect relationships (Salo and Karjaluoto 2007). How to Increase Trust in EC Consumer trust is fundamental to successful online retailing; it is considered the currency of the Internet. The following are representative strategies for building consumer trust in EC. Improve Your Website. The most important factor that affects online trust is the quality of the website. Cyr (2008) found that the navigational, visual, and information design of a website affect consumer trust. Gregg and Walczak (2010) reported a positive relationship between website quality and trust. Higher perceived website quality induces higher trust and price premium based on a survey of 701 eBay users. Therefore, how to design the EC website that delivers high-quality information and navigational experience